市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯



第一篇

1.Briefly on contracts
The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it.
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties.
Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business organizations, and governmental entities.

1．契約簡(jiǎn)論
契約法所關(guān)心的是實(shí)現(xiàn)所約定的義務(wù)。通常，契約責(zé)任是以自由同意為基礎(chǔ)的。這種同意表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)事人明示的允諾或事實(shí)上由當(dāng)事人通過(guò)行為而默示允諾。但在某些情況下盡管受約束的一方并未同意，法院仍會(huì)推定允諾之存在（往往稱為由法律推定的契約即準(zhǔn)契約），以免有人不當(dāng)?shù)美?br /> 契約法的內(nèi)容，包括能力、形式、要約與承諾、約因、欺詐與錯(cuò)誤、合法與否、解釋與推定、履行及其條件、契約目的無(wú)法達(dá)到和契約無(wú)法履行、免責(zé)、受讓人及受益的第三人之權(quán)利和補(bǔ)救方法。契約在很大范圍內(nèi)保持著統(tǒng)一性而按照協(xié)議之內(nèi)容或當(dāng)事人之性質(zhì)排斥了不同種類契約之間的基本區(qū)別。因此，除若干例外情況外，契約法原則適用于諸如個(gè)人、企業(yè)和政府實(shí)體等不同的當(dāng)事人。

第二篇：

2.Torts
Leading legal writers agree that no one has satisfactorily defined a tort. this is partly because torts are so common, so widespread and so varied. You are far more likely to be the victim of a tort than of a crime,  and you are also far more likely to commit a tort than a crime.
A tort is a civil wrong against an individual. A crime , on the other hand, is an offense against the public at large, or the state. An automobile driver who carelessly bumps into your car in a parking lot and crumples the fender had committed no crime.
Suppose, however, that after leaving the parking lot the same driver goes to a nearby bar, downs six whiskeys, then careens through a crowded city street at fifty miles an hour. Now he has committed at least these crimes: drunken driving, reckless driving and endangering the lives of others. But unless he actually damages another car or injures someone he has not violated the rights of nay individual.
A crime, then, is wrongful act against society. When a crime is committed, it is the state’s responsibility to investigate, prosecute and bear the expense of legal acting against the defendant, in the court handling criminal matters.

2．侵權(quán)行為
主要的法學(xué)著作家都同意：誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有給侵權(quán)行為下過(guò)一個(gè)令人滿意的定義。之所以如此，其部分愿意在于侵權(quán)行為司空見(jiàn)慣、比比皆是而又五花八門(mén)。人們可能成為侵權(quán)行為被害人的機(jī)會(huì)要比可能成為犯罪行被害人的機(jī)會(huì)多得多，而人們可能侵權(quán)的機(jī)會(huì)也要比可能犯罪的機(jī)會(huì)多得多。
侵權(quán)是對(duì)某個(gè)人的民違法行為；而犯罪，則是對(duì)全社會(huì)或?qū)?guó)家的犯罪行為。一位不慎在停車場(chǎng)內(nèi)碰了你的東西且撞歪了你車上保險(xiǎn)杠的汽車司機(jī)已經(jīng)侵犯了你的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)，但是他沒(méi)有犯什么罪。
可是，假定這位司機(jī)在離開(kāi)停車場(chǎng)后，走進(jìn)了附近的一家酒吧間，灌下了六份威士忌酒，然后以每小時(shí)五十英里的車速在一條交通擁擠的市內(nèi)馬路上曲線駕駛；那么這下子他至少已經(jīng)犯下了下列罪行；酗酒駕車、開(kāi)猛車和危害他人生命安全。但是除非實(shí)際損壞了他人汽車或傷害了他人身體，他還沒(méi)有侵犯任何人的權(quán)利。