普通銑床的數(shù)控化改造

摘  要

我所設(shè)計(jì)的畢業(yè)課題為“普通銑床的數(shù)控化改造”。對于機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)來說 ，我首先對所要設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)床進(jìn)行技術(shù)調(diào)查，查閱了國內(nèi)外有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，對其用途范圍、性能指標(biāo)、方案對比等進(jìn)行論證分析。對于通用機(jī)床我更是查閱了大量的國內(nèi)外有關(guān)銑床的資料后，擬定了此機(jī)床的總體方案為立式銑床。然后根據(jù)總體方案的布局形式，規(guī)格參數(shù)，精度性能等要求，對此機(jī)床的進(jìn)給傳動系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了專題設(shè)計(jì)。首先是對進(jìn)給傳動的運(yùn)動設(shè)計(jì)。此設(shè)計(jì)主要功能和主要參數(shù)以及各系統(tǒng)的基本工作原理及其數(shù)控化。數(shù)控化的銑床的定位精度和重復(fù)定位精度明顯提高，獲得了明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
該數(shù)控銑床具有以下特點(diǎn)：
1、 采用高性能的無級變速主軸及伺服傳動系統(tǒng)，機(jī)械傳動結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，傳動鏈縮短。
2、 采用剛度和抗振性較好的機(jī)床新結(jié)構(gòu)，如鋼板焊接結(jié)構(gòu)的支承件等。
3、 采用在效率、剛度、精度等各方面較優(yōu)良的傳動元件，如滾珠絲杠螺母副、塑料滑動導(dǎo)軌等。
4、 采取減小機(jī)床熱變形的措施，保證機(jī)床的精度穩(wěn)定，獲得可靠的加工質(zhì)量。
5、 能完成曲面等復(fù)雜面的加工。

關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控化改造；重復(fù)定位精度；伺服傳動系統(tǒng)。 

Plain milling machine numerical control transformation
Abstract

I design the graduation topic is "the plain milling machine numerica transformation".S- aid regarding the engine bed design, I first to the engine bed which must design carry on the t- echnical investigation, has consulted the domestic and foreign related literature material, In t- his foundation, to its use scope, the performance index, the plan contrast and so on carries on  the proof analysis. I was have consulted the massive domestic and foreign related milling ma- chines material after the general engine bed, has drawn up this engine bed overall plan is the  vertical milling machine. Then the basis overall plan layout form, the specification parameter, request and so on precision performance, engine bed entering has carried on the special design regarding this for the transmission system.This design main function and main parameter as  well as various systems basic principle of work and its numerical control. The numerical cont- rol milling machine pointing accuracy and the repetition pointing accuracy distinct enhancem- ent, has obtained the obvious economic efficiency.
Below this numerical control milling machine has the characteristic:
1st, uses the high performance the stepless speed change main axle and the servomecha- nism, the mechanical drive structure greatly is the simplification, the transmission chain redu- ces.
     2nd, uses the rigidity and the vibration-proof better engine bed new structure, like steel plate welding structure supporting and so on.
     3rd, uses in the efficiency, the rigidity, the precision and so on various aspects finer transmission part, like the ball bearing guide screw nut vice-, the plastic skids the guide rail and so on.
     4th, adopts reduces the engine bed thermal deformation the measure,guaranteed the engine bed the precision is stable, obtains the reliable processing quality.
     5th, Can complete the complicated noodles of etc. of curved face process。

Key words:
Numerical control transformation;
Pointing accuracy;
Repetition pointing accuracy;
Stepless speed change;
Servomechanism

目  錄
摘  要………………………………………………………………………………………….I
Abstract......................................................................................................................................II
前言…………………………………………………………………………………………….1
第一章 概述 3
1.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展史 3
1.1.1 國外數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展 3
1.1.2 國內(nèi)數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展 4
1.1.3 未來數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢 4
1.2 數(shù)控銑床的功能和特點(diǎn)及組成原理 6
1.2.1 數(shù)控銑床的主要功能 6
1.2.2 數(shù)控銑床的主要特點(diǎn) 8
        1.2.3 數(shù)控銑床的組成…………………………………………………………… ..9
        1.2.4 數(shù)控銑床的工作原理……………………………………………………….11
1.3 本設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn) 12
1.4 本設(shè)計(jì)的控制方式…………………………………………………………………12
1.5 本設(shè)計(jì)的總體方案…………………………………………………………………13
第二章 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 14
2.1 傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 14
2.2 滾珠絲杠螺母副設(shè)計(jì)與原理………………………………………………………15
2.3 直流電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)……………………………………………………………………16
第三章 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算…………………………………………………………………………….17
3.1 力能參數(shù)的計(jì)算……………………………………………………………………17
3.1.1 滾珠絲杠螺母副的選用設(shè)計(jì) 17
3.1.2 軸成的選擇 21
3.2 伺服電機(jī)的選擇及計(jì)算……………………………………………………………23
    3.2.1 選擇伺服電機(jī)……………………………………………………………….23
        3.2.2 最大切削負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩計(jì)算…………………………………………………….23
        3.2.3負(fù)載慣量計(jì)算………………………………………………………………..24
        3.2.4 空載加速轉(zhuǎn)矩計(jì)算………………………………………………………….25
        3.2.5 伺服系統(tǒng)增益……………………………………………………………….25
        3.2.6 精度驗(yàn)算…………………………………………………………………….28
3.3.1 鍵的選擇 29
3.3.2 鍵的強(qiáng)度校核 29
第四章 輔助元件的選擇.........................................................................................................31
4.1 導(dǎo)軌的選擇................................................................................................................31
    4.1.1 滑動導(dǎo)軌的特點(diǎn).............................................................................................31
4.2 脈沖編碼器的選用....................................................................................................32
    4.2.1 脈沖編碼器的工作原理.................................................................................32
4.3 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的冷卻系統(tǒng)................................................................................................33
4.4 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的潤滑系統(tǒng)................................................................................................35
4.5 數(shù)控銑床排屑裝置....................................................................................................35
4.6 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的選擇........................................................................................................36
第五章 價(jià)值分析.....................................................................................................................38
5.1 價(jià)值的概念................................................................................................................38
5.2 LOM價(jià)值分析...........................................................................................................38
第六章 結(jié)束語........................................................................................................................ 39
6.1 設(shè)計(jì)中的結(jié)論性的問題............................................................................................39
6.2 設(shè)計(jì)體會....................................................................................................................39
附 第七章 數(shù)控銑床的編程實(shí)例...........................................................................................41
參考文獻(xiàn)...................................................................................................................................43