目  錄

摘要………………………………………………………………..3
第一章  MCS-51單片機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)…………………………………………….6
1.1 MCS-51單片機(jī)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)……………………………………….6
1.2 MCS-51單片機(jī)主要應(yīng)用特性…………………………………10
第二章  基于8051芯片控制的自動(dòng)往返小車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)……………11
2.1關(guān)于小車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求…………………………………….11
2.2對(duì)小車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)期望…………………………………………….11
2.3小車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)的具體實(shí)施方案…………………………………….12
2.3.1小車(chē)硬件設(shè)計(jì)方案………………………………………….12
2.3.2小車(chē)軟件設(shè)計(jì)方案………………………………………….18
2.4小車(chē)功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的具體內(nèi)容…………………………………….19
2.4.1實(shí)現(xiàn)小車(chē)功能的硬件內(nèi)容………………………………….19
2.4.2實(shí)現(xiàn)小車(chē)功能的軟件內(nèi)容………………………………...22
第三章  對(duì)于所設(shè)計(jì)的小車(chē)的總結(jié)…………………………….29
3.1設(shè)計(jì)的小車(chē)最終實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能………………………………….29
3.2本設(shè)計(jì)方案與其他設(shè)計(jì)方案比較所得優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)………………..30
3.3本次設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)………………………………………….30
參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………….31
附錄………………………………………………………….…..32
外文資料………………………………………………………...34
中文譯文………………………………………………………….41

摘  要

本設(shè)計(jì)以AT89C51單片機(jī)為核心，以超微型紅外線發(fā)射接收一體化管為數(shù)據(jù)采集器件，用三極管構(gòu)成的電子開(kāi)關(guān)電路驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)，組成了一個(gè)比較完整的自動(dòng)往返電動(dòng)小汽車(chē)的控制系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)巧妙的精密控制脈沖占空比算法，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)電動(dòng)小汽車(chē)自動(dòng)往返的精密控制。系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)充分體現(xiàn)了價(jià)廉物美、簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的設(shè)計(jì)原則。
在系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)上，我們所設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的自動(dòng)往返電動(dòng)小汽車(chē)的控制系統(tǒng)由四個(gè)模塊組成：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)微型控制系統(tǒng)模塊、數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊、電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊、信息顯示模塊。其中，數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊負(fù)責(zé)采集路面信息；單片機(jī)微型控制系統(tǒng)模塊負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)采集的信息進(jìn)行處理，并通過(guò)程序完成復(fù)雜的控制；電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊主要根據(jù)單片機(jī)傳入的信號(hào)控制小車(chē)的運(yùn)動(dòng)；信息顯示模塊則顯示相應(yīng)的信息（如行駛距離顯示、倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示等）
本設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)特色主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：
    (1) 在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊時(shí)，考慮到設(shè)計(jì)成本，我們沒(méi)有采用昂貴的專用傳感器，而是使用廉價(jià)的超大型紅外線接收發(fā)射一體化管，通過(guò)外圍電路來(lái)保證信息采集的可靠性。
(2) 在設(shè)計(jì)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)模塊時(shí)，沒(méi)有使用專用的大功率電子集成開(kāi)關(guān)，而是用三極管組成簡(jiǎn)單的開(kāi)關(guān)電路，實(shí)現(xiàn)了電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)控制。
(3) 用軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)小車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)的精密控制是本設(shè)計(jì)的一大特色。其原理是：用位運(yùn)算的方法，逐位調(diào)整脈沖信號(hào)的的占空比，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度的精密控制。為了進(jìn)一步提高控制精度，我們通過(guò)檢測(cè)車(chē)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的圈數(shù)來(lái)判斷小車(chē)的行進(jìn)速度，繼而控制電機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度，使小車(chē)在我們指定的速度下穩(wěn)定行進(jìn)。這樣，整個(gè)電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)速度負(fù)反饋環(huán)，從而完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了小車(chē)的精密速控。而且，通過(guò)檢測(cè)單位時(shí)間車(chē)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的圈數(shù)，可以計(jì)算出小車(chē)的速度。這樣，就為發(fā)揮部分的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供了技術(shù)條件和數(shù)據(jù)信息。
實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表明，本設(shè)計(jì)不僅完成了基本要求部分的各項(xiàng)任務(wù)，而且還實(shí)現(xiàn)了發(fā)揮部分的往返時(shí)間和行駛距離顯示，以及倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示等功能。系統(tǒng)采用的設(shè)計(jì)方案正確，電路設(shè)計(jì)和軟件模塊設(shè)計(jì)合理，技術(shù)路線基本可行。
關(guān)鍵詞：AT89C51芯片  自動(dòng)往返  電動(dòng)  光電檢測(cè)器

ABSTRACT

Design core of regarding AT89C51 one-chip computer as originally, it is gather the device with ultra miniature infrared ray for datum to in charge of integratively to receive to launch, urge electrical machinery with electronic switch circuit that triode form , make up one intact automatic journey to and fro little control system of automobile electronic. Through design one ingenious precision control pulse account for empty than the algorithm system, have realized that controls the precision that the electronic small automobile is automatic and round. The systematic design has fully reflected the good and cheap , simple and practical design principle.
Whether at system structure, we automatic journey to and fro little control system of automobile electronic realized to design made up of four pieces of module. One-chip computer miniature control system module , data gather module , electrical machinery urge module , message show the module. Among them , gather the module and is responsible for gathering road surface information in data; One-chip computer miniature control system module it is punish to go on to message that is gathered to responsible for, and finish complicated control through the procedure ; Electrical machinery urge module main foundation signal that one-chip computer introduce to control sports of the car; Information shows the module shows corresponding information ( Show etc. if going in the distance and shows , counts )
The technological characteristic originally designed reflects in several following respects mainly:
(1)While gathering the module in design data, considering the design cost, we have not adopted the expensive special-purpose sensor , but use the low-priced ultra large-scale infrared ray to receive and launch managing integratively, guarantee the dependability that information is gathered through the peripheral circuit.
(2)While designing the electrical machinery and driving the module , have not used the special-purpose integrated switch of high-power electron , make up the simple switch circuit with the triode , realize the drive control of the electrical machinery.
(3)It is a great characteristic originally designed to control with the precision that the software realizes moving to the car. Its principle is: By way of location operation,it is by turn take empty ones that adjust by pulse signal than,it is rotate electrical machinery there aren't precision of speed not to realize. In order to improve the precision of controlling further, we judge the speed of advancing of the car through measuring the whirling circle of wheel to count , then control the speed of rotation of the electrical machinery , make the car advance steadily under the speed that we appoint . In this way, the control system of the whole electrical machinery forms a tempo negative feedback ring , thus totally realized the precision of the car is accused of rapidly. And, count through measuring the whirling circle of time wheel of the unit, can calculate out the speed of the car . In this way, offer the technological condition and data information for giving play to some realization.
Surveying the data indicates, is it finish every task , basic demand of part to design originally, is it give play to some two-way time and go distance show to realize, and such functions as count-down shows. The design plan that the system adopts is correct, circuit design and software module are reasonable in design, the technological route is feasible basically
Key words: the clip of AT89C51  automatically back and forth car  photoconductor measuring tube