目  錄

摘要………………………………………………………………..3
第一章  MCS-51單片機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)…………………………………………….6
1.1 MCS-51單片機(jī)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)……………………………………….6
1.2 MCS-51單片機(jī)主要應(yīng)用特性…………………………………10
第二章  基于8051芯片控制的自動往返小車設(shè)計……………11
2.1關(guān)于小車的設(shè)計任務(wù)要求…………………………………….11
2.2對小車的設(shè)計期望…………………………………………….11
2.3小車設(shè)計的具體實施方案…………………………………….12
2.3.1小車硬件設(shè)計方案………………………………………….12
2.3.2小車軟件設(shè)計方案………………………………………….18
2.4小車功能實現(xiàn)的具體內(nèi)容…………………………………….19
2.4.1實現(xiàn)小車功能的硬件內(nèi)容………………………………….19
2.4.2實現(xiàn)小車功能的軟件內(nèi)容………………………………...22
第三章  對于所設(shè)計的小車的總結(jié)…………………………….29
3.1設(shè)計的小車最終實現(xiàn)的功能………………………………….29
3.2本設(shè)計方案與其他設(shè)計方案比較所得優(yōu)缺點………………..30
3.3本次設(shè)計經(jīng)驗的總結(jié)………………………………………….30
參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………….31
附錄………………………………………………………….…..32
外文資料………………………………………………………...34
中文譯文………………………………………………………….41

摘  要

本設(shè)計以AT89C51單片機(jī)為核心，以超微型紅外線發(fā)射接收一體化管為數(shù)據(jù)采集器件，用三極管構(gòu)成的電子開關(guān)電路驅(qū)動電機(jī)，組成了一個比較完整的自動往返電動小汽車的控制系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)通過設(shè)計一個巧妙的精密控制脈沖占空比算法，實現(xiàn)了對電動小汽車自動往返的精密控制。系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計充分體現(xiàn)了價廉物美、簡單實用的設(shè)計原則。
在系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)上，我們所設(shè)計實現(xiàn)的自動往返電動小汽車的控制系統(tǒng)由四個模塊組成：單片機(jī)微型控制系統(tǒng)模塊、數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊、電機(jī)驅(qū)動模塊、信息顯示模塊。其中，數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊負(fù)責(zé)采集路面信息；單片機(jī)微型控制系統(tǒng)模塊負(fù)責(zé)對采集的信息進(jìn)行處理，并通過程序完成復(fù)雜的控制；電機(jī)驅(qū)動模塊主要根據(jù)單片機(jī)傳入的信號控制小車的運動；信息顯示模塊則顯示相應(yīng)的信息（如行駛距離顯示、倒計時顯示等）
本設(shè)計的技術(shù)特色主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
    (1) 在設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊時，考慮到設(shè)計成本，我們沒有采用昂貴的專用傳感器，而是使用廉價的超大型紅外線接收發(fā)射一體化管，通過外圍電路來保證信息采集的可靠性。
(2) 在設(shè)計電機(jī)驅(qū)動模塊時，沒有使用專用的大功率電子集成開關(guān)，而是用三極管組成簡單的開關(guān)電路，實現(xiàn)了電機(jī)的驅(qū)動控制。
(3) 用軟件實現(xiàn)對小車運動的精密控制是本設(shè)計的一大特色。其原理是：用位運算的方法，逐位調(diào)整脈沖信號的的占空比，實現(xiàn)了對電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度的精密控制。為了進(jìn)一步提高控制精度，我們通過檢測車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的圈數(shù)來判斷小車的行進(jìn)速度，繼而控制電機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度，使小車在我們指定的速度下穩(wěn)定行進(jìn)。這樣，整個電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成了一個速度負(fù)反饋環(huán)，從而完全實現(xiàn)了小車的精密速控。而且，通過檢測單位時間車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的圈數(shù)，可以計算出小車的速度。這樣，就為發(fā)揮部分的實現(xiàn)提供了技術(shù)條件和數(shù)據(jù)信息。
實測數(shù)據(jù)表明，本設(shè)計不僅完成了基本要求部分的各項任務(wù)，而且還實現(xiàn)了發(fā)揮部分的往返時間和行駛距離顯示，以及倒計時顯示等功能。系統(tǒng)采用的設(shè)計方案正確，電路設(shè)計和軟件模塊設(shè)計合理，技術(shù)路線基本可行。
關(guān)鍵詞：AT89C51芯片  自動往返  電動  光電檢測器

ABSTRACT

Design core of regarding AT89C51 one-chip computer as originally, it is gather the device with ultra miniature infrared ray for datum to in charge of integratively to receive to launch, urge electrical machinery with electronic switch circuit that triode form , make up one intact automatic journey to and fro little control system of automobile electronic. Through design one ingenious precision control pulse account for empty than the algorithm system, have realized that controls the precision that the electronic small automobile is automatic and round. The systematic design has fully reflected the good and cheap , simple and practical design principle.
Whether at system structure, we automatic journey to and fro little control system of automobile electronic realized to design made up of four pieces of module. One-chip computer miniature control system module , data gather module , electrical machinery urge module , message show the module. Among them , gather the module and is responsible for gathering road surface information in data; One-chip computer miniature control system module it is punish to go on to message that is gathered to responsible for, and finish complicated control through the procedure ; Electrical machinery urge module main foundation signal that one-chip computer introduce to control sports of the car; Information shows the module shows corresponding information ( Show etc. if going in the distance and shows , counts )
The technological characteristic originally designed reflects in several following respects mainly:
(1)While gathering the module in design data, considering the design cost, we have not adopted the expensive special-purpose sensor , but use the low-priced ultra large-scale infrared ray to receive and launch managing integratively, guarantee the dependability that information is gathered through the peripheral circuit.
(2)While designing the electrical machinery and driving the module , have not used the special-purpose integrated switch of high-power electron , make up the simple switch circuit with the triode , realize the drive control of the electrical machinery.
(3)It is a great characteristic originally designed to control with the precision that the software realizes moving to the car. Its principle is: By way of location operation,it is by turn take empty ones that adjust by pulse signal than,it is rotate electrical machinery there aren't precision of speed not to realize. In order to improve the precision of controlling further, we judge the speed of advancing of the car through measuring the whirling circle of wheel to count , then control the speed of rotation of the electrical machinery , make the car advance steadily under the speed that we appoint . In this way, the control system of the whole electrical machinery forms a tempo negative feedback ring , thus totally realized the precision of the car is accused of rapidly. And, count through measuring the whirling circle of time wheel of the unit, can calculate out the speed of the car . In this way, offer the technological condition and data information for giving play to some realization.
Surveying the data indicates, is it finish every task , basic demand of part to design originally, is it give play to some two-way time and go distance show to realize, and such functions as count-down shows. The design plan that the system adopts is correct, circuit design and software module are reasonable in design, the technological route is feasible basically
Key words: the clip of AT89C51  automatically back and forth car  photoconductor measuring tube