Marketing theory
McCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including


市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理論
麥卡錫(E.J.Mccarthy)于1960年對(duì)微觀市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷下了定義：市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷是企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的職責(zé)，它將產(chǎn)品及勞務(wù)從生產(chǎn)者直接引向消費(fèi)者或使用者以便滿足顧客需求及實(shí)現(xiàn)公司利潤(rùn)，同時(shí)也是一種社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)過程，其目的在于滿足社會(huì)或人類需要，實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)目標(biāo)。這一定義雖比美國(guó)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷協(xié)會(huì)的定義前進(jìn)了一步，指出了滿足顧客需求及實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)贏利成為公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)，但這兩種定義都說明，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)是在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)結(jié)束時(shí)開始的，中間經(jīng)過一系列經(jīng)營(yíng)銷售活動(dòng)，當(dāng)商品轉(zhuǎn)到用戶手中就結(jié)束了，因而把企業(yè)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)僅局限于流通領(lǐng)域的狹窄范圍，而不是視為企業(yè)整個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)銷售的全過程，即包括市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、定價(jià)、分銷廣告、宣傳報(bào)導(dǎo)、銷售促進(jìn)、人員推銷、售后服務(wù)等。而格隆羅斯給的定義強(qiáng)調(diào)了營(yíng)銷的目的：營(yíng)銷是在一種利益之上下，通過相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費(fèi)者及其他參與者的關(guān)系，實(shí)現(xiàn)各方的目的。