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摘要
制造命令(manufacturing order)簡稱制令,在中國臺灣地區(qū)很多公司將它簡稱為工令.我們必須了解工令是制造工作命令的簡稱,因?yàn)樵诠S中,除了制造工作以外,還有其他的工作,例如維護(hù)工作.設(shè)備維護(hù)的指令也稱為工作命令。在APICS辭典中,工作制造命令(work order)被定義為:一個文件、一群文件或一個排程表，記載著對某零件或產(chǎn)品制造某數(shù)量的授權(quán)。它的同義詞包括：工件定單（job order）、制造授權(quán)（manufacturing authorization）、生產(chǎn)命令（production order）、工廠定單（shop order）等。因此，工作命令的涵義比制造命令廣，制造命令是一種工作命令；工廠命令卻不一定是制造命令。在本書所附ERP系統(tǒng)中使用含義較廣的工令或工作命令但其意義實(shí)為制造命令.因此,在本章后續(xù)的敘述中,若看到工令或工作命令,讀者可以將它解釋成制令或制造命令. 有些企業(yè)根據(jù)銷售預(yù)測生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，接到定單后直接出貨,這種做法稱為計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)(MTS,make to stock).計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)通常利用銷售預(yù)測做主生產(chǎn)排程(MPS,masterproduction scheduling),再利用MPS使材料需求規(guī)劃(MRP,material requirement planning),但并非所有材料都會用到MRP.對于利用MRP做規(guī)劃的材料而言,MRP會自動建議工令內(nèi)容,用戶可以使用MRP工令開立作業(yè)將MRP的建議轉(zhuǎn)為正式工令. 有的企業(yè)在接到，客戶定單后才進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)活動,包括采購材料、制造零件、制造完成品等，這種做法稱為訂單生產(chǎn)（MTO，make to order）。純定單生產(chǎn)的工廠由于不庫存材料或半成品，故可利用MRP將客戶訂單轉(zhuǎn)成材料、半成品及完成品的采購與制令計(jì)劃。這時可以使用ERP系統(tǒng)中的MRP工令開立作業(yè)及MRP請購訂購作業(yè)來開出采購定單及制造命令。這種狀況可以直接將客戶定單建立在MPS中，再用MRP算出材料需求。有些訂單生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)，為了快速滿足客戶需求，事先準(zhǔn)備好各種可能的材料及半成品，在接到客戶訂單時迅速進(jìn)行最后組裝工作，以縮短訂單交期。這種做法稱為訂單組裝（ATO，assemble to order）。訂單組裝的工廠有材料及半成品庫存但沒有完成品庫存，在接單后需開出組裝制令，并決定該客戶訂單需領(lǐng)何種材料及半成品以制造出完成品。這種情況可以使用訂單轉(zhuǎn)工令單作業(yè)開出組裝制令。任何企業(yè)一定有某些或全部材料不使用MRP做規(guī)劃，如果某材料未使用MRP，則使用人工工令開立作業(yè)直接開出制令。制造命令是生產(chǎn)管理部門發(fā)出，而由制造單位執(zhí)行的。生產(chǎn)管理部門負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)管理和生產(chǎn)控制工作。所謂生產(chǎn)管理（production management），是指規(guī)劃、排程、執(zhí)行并控制將投入材料轉(zhuǎn)變成完成品的過程。所謂生產(chǎn)控制（production control），是指在從取得原材料到運(yùn)交完成品的整個制造周期中，導(dǎo)正物流方向及調(diào)節(jié)物流速度的一種機(jī)能。生管部門在發(fā)出制令后，應(yīng)立即通知材料部門進(jìn)行備料工作，這時可使用ERP系統(tǒng)中的工令查料發(fā)放作業(yè)。在備料之后相關(guān)材料庫存即轉(zhuǎn)成保留量（allocated inventory）狀態(tài)，在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間，再實(shí)際領(lǐng)出材料、送到制造現(xiàn)場。材料實(shí)際領(lǐng)出之后，就不再是保留狀態(tài)。若備料時間剛好配合制令的開工時間，則在工令查料發(fā)放作業(yè)之后可立即送交現(xiàn)場，保留量的定義是：已經(jīng)被指定給某特定制令單但尚未從倉庫發(fā)放到生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場的材料數(shù)量。一張工令單從產(chǎn)生到消失的過程中包括開立、發(fā)放、零料、工作中、完工、結(jié)案等狀態(tài)。
關(guān) 鍵 字
企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃 Enterprise resource plans
制令Make order
管理系統(tǒng)Management system
制造系統(tǒng)Create system
存儲過程Memory process


Abstract
manufacturing system so short order, China Taiwan in many areas it will be referred to as work orders. We must understand the order is to create work orders for short, In factories, in addition to manufacturing, there are other things that For example, maintenance work. equipment maintenance directives, also known as work orders. The APICS Dictionary, manufacturing orders were : the definition of a document, a group of files or a scheduling table recorded a pair of manufacturing parts or products of a certain number of mandates. Its synonyms include : workpiece orders, authorized manufacturers, production orders, factory orders and so on. Therefore, the meaning of work orders than manufacturing orders Canton, manufacturing orders is a work orders; Factory orders is not necessarily create order. The book accompanying the ERP system using the broader definition of work orders or work orders but its significance is to create order. Therefore, In this chapter describes the follow-up, to see if the work orders or work orders, Readers can interpret it into the system or create order. Some enterprises under the sales forecast production products, received export orders directly, This practice, known as planned production. The planned production enterprises typically use sales forecasts master production scheduling. MPS enable re-use material requirements planning, But not all the material will be used MRP. MRP done about the use of the materials planning, MRP will automatically make recommendations for content, Users can make use of the MRP operations would be open MRP formal proposal to work orders. Some enterprises received. Customer orders before production activities, including the procurement of materials, manufacturing parts, manufactured goods, which called production orders. Pure production factory orders is not due to inventory materials or semi-finished products, so they can be used MRP customer orders will turn into materials, semi-finished goods and the procurement system and the scheme. At this time you can use the ERP system MRP work orders to open operations and MRP requisitions ordered operations to open up pr..