a brief analysis of and comments on mach.rar
a brief analysis of and comments on mach,①頁(yè)數(shù):24頁(yè)②字?jǐn)?shù):2.5萬(wàn)字③ 摘要:翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題是翻譯理論的核心問(wèn)題,也是翻譯界長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題。縱觀中外翻譯史,上下幾千年,各家各派,紛紛提出了各類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信、達(dá)、雅”,魯迅的“保存原作豐姿,力求其易解”,瞿秋白的“直譯、意譯”,傅雷的“形似、神似”,奈達(dá)的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”及辜正坤近年來(lái)頗具影響力的“最佳近似...
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內(nèi)容介紹
原文檔由會(huì)員 lihepeng 發(fā)布
①頁(yè)數(shù):24頁(yè)
②字?jǐn)?shù):2.5萬(wàn)字
③ 摘要:
翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題是翻譯理論的核心問(wèn)題,也是翻譯界長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題??v觀中
外翻譯史,上下幾千年,各家各派,紛紛提出了各類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信、達(dá)、
雅”,魯迅的“保存原作豐姿,力求其易解”,瞿秋白的“直譯、意譯”,傅雷的
“形似、神似”,奈達(dá)的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”及辜正坤近年來(lái)頗具影響力的“最佳近似
度”等等,可以說(shuō),翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)常常是見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智。
有機(jī)器翻譯就有對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯的評(píng)價(jià),必然也存在機(jī)器翻譯的評(píng)價(jià)問(wèn)題,其評(píng)
價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯的開(kāi)發(fā)與研究都會(huì)產(chǎn)生重要影響。機(jī)器翻譯自上個(gè)世紀(jì)五十年
代問(wèn)世以來(lái),取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,但如何對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)并沒(méi)有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的客觀
的普遍適用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
本文介紹了“臭名昭著”的 ALPAC 報(bào)告(美國(guó)自動(dòng)語(yǔ)言處理顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)的黑
皮書(shū))中的質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和分級(jí)體系,ALPAC報(bào)告對(duì)譯文質(zhì)量的評(píng)價(jià)分為可懂度
(九個(gè)等級(jí))和忠實(shí)度(十個(gè)等級(jí)),第一次對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯進(jìn)行整體評(píng)價(jià)。作者對(duì)
此報(bào)告中質(zhì)量評(píng)估進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析, 重點(diǎn)論述了報(bào)告中對(duì)譯文質(zhì)量評(píng)估的分級(jí)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的依據(jù)、優(yōu)點(diǎn)及不足,論述了MT質(zhì)量、速度和費(fèi)用對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯發(fā)展的巨大
影響。此外,本文還介紹了日本科學(xué)技術(shù)研究院參照ALPAC報(bào)告提出的一種分
級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以供參考。最后,作者指出這一評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雖然對(duì)于機(jī)器翻譯譯文質(zhì)量的評(píng)
估來(lái)說(shuō)是相對(duì)合理、適用的,但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)和方法的具體實(shí)施、應(yīng)用和改進(jìn)仍是一
個(gè)難題,并需要相關(guān)人員的不懈努力。
④目錄 :Ⅰ.A Brief Introduction To Machine Translation (MT) and Machine
Translation Evaluation (MTE)---------------------------------------- 1
Ⅱ. History of Machine Translation------------------------------------ 2
2.1 Pre-computer----------------------------------------------- 2
2.2 Initial efforts (1947-1954)---------------------------- --------- 2
2.3 The decade of optimism (1954-1966) and the ALPAC report--------- 3
2.4 The 1970s and operational MT------------------------------- 4
2.5 Rebirth in the early 1980s------------------------------- 4
2.6 Late 1980s and early 1990s---------------------------------- 4
2.7 Late 1990s and MAT------------------------------------- 4
Ⅲ.Different Evaluation Criteria-------------------------- 5
3.1 Yan Fu’s “Faithfulness, Expressiveness, and Elegance”----------- 5
3.2 The translation criteria--a kind of “Fuzzy Measurement”-----------6
3.3 Nida’s criterion--------------------- 7
3.4 A mutually-complementary criterion system: the absolute criterion
--the highest criterion—the concrete criteria--------------- 7
3.5 Some other influential argumentations------------------- 8
Ⅳ.Evaluation Criteria and Quality Measures in the ALPAC Report----------9
4.1 Reasonable evaluation criteria in the ALPAC report--------------10
4.2 Quality measures—the report evaluated the MT from
“Intelligibility” and “Fidelity”---------------11
4.3 The report evaluated MT system from the point of the purchasers
or the users rather than the developers -------------- 13
4.4 The separation of the research of MT from MT commercial system----- 14
Ⅴ.Some Comments and Proposals------------------ 14
5.1 To evaluate the quality of MT from the point whether the results
Beijing Technology & Business University
Foreign Languages Department
conform to the needs-------------------14
5.2 Do not be as rigorous as the ALPAC report------------ 15
5.3 More reasonable rating scales--------------------------- 16
Ⅵ.Conclusion------------------------------------- 17
Bibliography------------------------------------ 18
⑤關(guān)鍵字:翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),TRANSLATION EVALUATION
⑥參考文獻(xiàn):Bibliography:
[1] ALPAC Report [J]. The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee.
1966.
[2] Hirschman, Lynette & Thompson, Henry S. Overview of Evaluation in Speech and
NLP [J]. 1989.
[3] Hutchins, John. ALPAC: the (in) famous report [J]. 1966.
[4] Hutchins, John. Evaluation of MT and Translation Tools [J]. 1968.
[5] Trujillo, Arturo. Translation Engines: Techniques for Machine Translation,
Machine Translation Evaluation [M]. Springer. 2000.
[6] Vanni, Michelle & Reeder, Florence. How Are You Doing? A Look at Machine
Translation Evaluation [J]. White, John S. (ed.). Envisioning Machine Translation
in the Information Future[C]. Springer. 2000.
[7] 陳忠華. 論翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模糊測(cè)度[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1990, (1).
[8] 范仲英. 一種翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):大致相同的感受[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1994, (6).
[9] 葛校琴. 翻譯神似論的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)—美學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯, 1999,(4).
[10] 辜正坤. 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1989,(1).
[11] 呂博. 也談翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯, 1998, (4).
[12] 俞士汶、姜新、朱學(xué)鋒. 機(jī)器翻譯譯文質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的實(shí)踐與分析[J]. 1998.
[13] 趙鐵軍等. 機(jī)器翻譯原理[M]. 哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1991.
②字?jǐn)?shù):2.5萬(wàn)字
③ 摘要:
翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題是翻譯理論的核心問(wèn)題,也是翻譯界長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題??v觀中
外翻譯史,上下幾千年,各家各派,紛紛提出了各類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信、達(dá)、
雅”,魯迅的“保存原作豐姿,力求其易解”,瞿秋白的“直譯、意譯”,傅雷的
“形似、神似”,奈達(dá)的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”及辜正坤近年來(lái)頗具影響力的“最佳近似
度”等等,可以說(shuō),翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)常常是見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智。
有機(jī)器翻譯就有對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯的評(píng)價(jià),必然也存在機(jī)器翻譯的評(píng)價(jià)問(wèn)題,其評(píng)
價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯的開(kāi)發(fā)與研究都會(huì)產(chǎn)生重要影響。機(jī)器翻譯自上個(gè)世紀(jì)五十年
代問(wèn)世以來(lái),取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,但如何對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)并沒(méi)有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的客觀
的普遍適用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
本文介紹了“臭名昭著”的 ALPAC 報(bào)告(美國(guó)自動(dòng)語(yǔ)言處理顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)的黑
皮書(shū))中的質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和分級(jí)體系,ALPAC報(bào)告對(duì)譯文質(zhì)量的評(píng)價(jià)分為可懂度
(九個(gè)等級(jí))和忠實(shí)度(十個(gè)等級(jí)),第一次對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯進(jìn)行整體評(píng)價(jià)。作者對(duì)
此報(bào)告中質(zhì)量評(píng)估進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析, 重點(diǎn)論述了報(bào)告中對(duì)譯文質(zhì)量評(píng)估的分級(jí)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的依據(jù)、優(yōu)點(diǎn)及不足,論述了MT質(zhì)量、速度和費(fèi)用對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯發(fā)展的巨大
影響。此外,本文還介紹了日本科學(xué)技術(shù)研究院參照ALPAC報(bào)告提出的一種分
級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以供參考。最后,作者指出這一評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雖然對(duì)于機(jī)器翻譯譯文質(zhì)量的評(píng)
估來(lái)說(shuō)是相對(duì)合理、適用的,但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)和方法的具體實(shí)施、應(yīng)用和改進(jìn)仍是一
個(gè)難題,并需要相關(guān)人員的不懈努力。
④目錄 :Ⅰ.A Brief Introduction To Machine Translation (MT) and Machine
Translation Evaluation (MTE)---------------------------------------- 1
Ⅱ. History of Machine Translation------------------------------------ 2
2.1 Pre-computer----------------------------------------------- 2
2.2 Initial efforts (1947-1954)---------------------------- --------- 2
2.3 The decade of optimism (1954-1966) and the ALPAC report--------- 3
2.4 The 1970s and operational MT------------------------------- 4
2.5 Rebirth in the early 1980s------------------------------- 4
2.6 Late 1980s and early 1990s---------------------------------- 4
2.7 Late 1990s and MAT------------------------------------- 4
Ⅲ.Different Evaluation Criteria-------------------------- 5
3.1 Yan Fu’s “Faithfulness, Expressiveness, and Elegance”----------- 5
3.2 The translation criteria--a kind of “Fuzzy Measurement”-----------6
3.3 Nida’s criterion--------------------- 7
3.4 A mutually-complementary criterion system: the absolute criterion
--the highest criterion—the concrete criteria--------------- 7
3.5 Some other influential argumentations------------------- 8
Ⅳ.Evaluation Criteria and Quality Measures in the ALPAC Report----------9
4.1 Reasonable evaluation criteria in the ALPAC report--------------10
4.2 Quality measures—the report evaluated the MT from
“Intelligibility” and “Fidelity”---------------11
4.3 The report evaluated MT system from the point of the purchasers
or the users rather than the developers -------------- 13
4.4 The separation of the research of MT from MT commercial system----- 14
Ⅴ.Some Comments and Proposals------------------ 14
5.1 To evaluate the quality of MT from the point whether the results
Beijing Technology & Business University
Foreign Languages Department
conform to the needs-------------------14
5.2 Do not be as rigorous as the ALPAC report------------ 15
5.3 More reasonable rating scales--------------------------- 16
Ⅵ.Conclusion------------------------------------- 17
Bibliography------------------------------------ 18
⑤關(guān)鍵字:翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),TRANSLATION EVALUATION
⑥參考文獻(xiàn):Bibliography:
[1] ALPAC Report [J]. The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee.
1966.
[2] Hirschman, Lynette & Thompson, Henry S. Overview of Evaluation in Speech and
NLP [J]. 1989.
[3] Hutchins, John. ALPAC: the (in) famous report [J]. 1966.
[4] Hutchins, John. Evaluation of MT and Translation Tools [J]. 1968.
[5] Trujillo, Arturo. Translation Engines: Techniques for Machine Translation,
Machine Translation Evaluation [M]. Springer. 2000.
[6] Vanni, Michelle & Reeder, Florence. How Are You Doing? A Look at Machine
Translation Evaluation [J]. White, John S. (ed.). Envisioning Machine Translation
in the Information Future[C]. Springer. 2000.
[7] 陳忠華. 論翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模糊測(cè)度[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1990, (1).
[8] 范仲英. 一種翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):大致相同的感受[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1994, (6).
[9] 葛校琴. 翻譯神似論的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)—美學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯, 1999,(4).
[10] 辜正坤. 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,1989,(1).
[11] 呂博. 也談翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯, 1998, (4).
[12] 俞士汶、姜新、朱學(xué)鋒. 機(jī)器翻譯譯文質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的實(shí)踐與分析[J]. 1998.
[13] 趙鐵軍等. 機(jī)器翻譯原理[M]. 哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1991.