產(chǎn)品仿制，產(chǎn)品的差異化和國際貿(mào)易(外文翻譯)

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中文： 1900 字
英文： 5800字符


當(dāng)兩家公司的進入和銷售在兩個相互依存的市場，但是產(chǎn)生有貿(mào)易壁壘時，本文使用霍特林方針產(chǎn)品差別化模型，推導(dǎo)了平衡產(chǎn)品配置和價格。這表
明，不管產(chǎn)品仿制，沒有貿(mào)易還是產(chǎn)品差異化與雙向或單向的貿(mào)易都是符合平衡的。

1. 簡介
在英國不列顛哥倫比亞省，有幾個小釀造廠明確表明他們所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品是“根據(jù)1516年巴伐利亞純度法釀造”，從而模仿德國啤酒的屬性。與此相反，鐘表業(yè)常常盡力將它們的產(chǎn)品與其它同類產(chǎn)品區(qū)別開來（例如斯沃琪）。啤酒釀造商可以選擇分化，和制定出特殊的口味和制作程序。我的模型表明，選擇仿制和分化是由于存在運輸成本和關(guān)稅。他們在不列顛哥倫比亞省提高德國啤酒的價格，從而影響到國內(nèi)企業(yè)的地理位置。事實上，加拿大對歐洲啤酒收取的關(guān)稅非常高，因為它大約是國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的零售價百分之三十（環(huán)球郵報1993年）。但是在某些行業(yè)，比如鐘表業(yè)，由于對有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品的單位價值的保護和產(chǎn)品運輸成本過低，從而使得產(chǎn)品實施合法的模仿并不是有利可圖。
本文研究對產(chǎn)品屬性的選擇，是根據(jù)橫向分化國際貿(mào)易的模型。這表明，產(chǎn)品模仿是貿(mào)易保護和國際運輸成本的自然結(jié)果。然而，該模型超越這些例子。我的目標(biāo)是獲得國際產(chǎn)品配置，而不是像小釀造廠的例子那樣，簡單的選擇一個新公司的位置。在此模型中......




Using the Hotelling approach to product differentiation, this article derives
the equilibrium product configurations and prices when two firms enter and
sell in two interdependent markets separated by barriers to trade. It shows that
product imitation and no trade as well as product differentiation with two-way
or one-way trade are all consistent with the equilibrium.


1. INTRODUCTION
In British Columbia, several microbrewers explicitly indicate on their products that they are ''brewed according to the Bavarian purity laws of 1516,'' imitating thereby a product attribute of German beers. In contrast, firms in the watch industry often go out of their way to differentiate their products (for instance the Swatch). Beers brewers could have chosen differentiation and develop a specific taste or process. My model suggests that the choice between imitation and differentiation is determined by the existence of transport costs and tariffs. They increase the price of German beers in British Columbia and, thus, affect the location decision of domestic firms. Indeed, the Canadian duty on European beers is high since it is approximately 30 percent of the retail price of domestic products (Globeand Mail 1993). In the watch industry, protection and transport costs are too low with respect to the unit value of the product for legal imitation to be profitable ......