(外文翻譯)操作系統(tǒng)-The Operating System

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中文： 3900字
英文： 13100字符


1．硬件/軟件的接口
　　前五章集中討論了計(jì)算機(jī)硬件，現(xiàn)在我們把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向討論軟件。
當(dāng)記者一想到軟件時(shí)，也許想到的是應(yīng)用程序。應(yīng)用程序支持終端用戶的功能，使用戶完成如下一些任務(wù)。做游戲、寫(xiě)文章、編排一個(gè)圖表或產(chǎn)生一個(gè)賬單等。另一類軟件稱為系統(tǒng)軟件，在后臺(tái)完成賦予它的任務(wù)，建立在大量計(jì)算機(jī)上的例。操作系統(tǒng)作為一個(gè)接口提供服務(wù)（圖6.1），在硬件和應(yīng)用軟件之間搭起了一座橋梁。因此，當(dāng)我們把注意力從硬件過(guò)渡到軟件時(shí)首先研究操作系統(tǒng)是適合的。
操作系統(tǒng)究意是什么呢？從根本上講，它完成了大量的支持功能。例如，假設(shè)存儲(chǔ)在磁盤(pán)上的應(yīng)用程序，在能被執(zhí)行之前，因?yàn)榭刂朴?jì)算機(jī)的程序必須在主存中，所以必須把它復(fù)制到上存中。把程序從磁盤(pán)復(fù)制到主存的過(guò)程涉及重要的邏輯，計(jì)算機(jī)的邏輯資源就是軟件。因此，如果要裝入應(yīng)用程序，必須在主存中有一個(gè)控制加載過(guò)程的程序，這個(gè)程序就屬于操作系統(tǒng)。
裝入程序僅僅是操作系統(tǒng)大量支持功能中的一個(gè)。確切地說(shuō)，操作系統(tǒng)是一些軟件模塊的集合，這些模塊把用戶和硬件隔開(kāi)，因此使系統(tǒng)容易使用。讓我們來(lái)研究一般操作系統(tǒng)的基本功能 ......



The Operating System
1. The hardware/Software Interface
The first five chapters focused on a computer's hardware. It's time we turned our attention to software.
When you think of software, you probably think of application programs. They support end-user functions, allowing people to perform such tasks as playing a game, writing a paper, laying out a spreadsheet, or generating paychecks. Another type of software, called system software, performs its assigned tasks behind the scenes. An excellent example is the operating system found on most computers. An operating system serves as an interface, bridging the gap between hardware to software, it's appropriate that we consider the operating system first.
What exactly dose an operating system do? Basically, it performs a number of support funcions. For example, picture an application program stored on disk. Before the program can be executed, it must first be copied into main memory, because the program that controls a computer must be in main memory. The process of copying a program for disk to memory involves considerable logic. The source of a computer's logic is software. Thus, if the application program is to be loaded, there must be a program in memory to control the loading process. That program is the operating system.
Loading programs is only one of the operating system's many support functions. Basically, it is a collection of software modules that insulate the user from the hardware, thus making the system easier to use. Let's investigate the primary functions of a typical operating system ......