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可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)食品供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)體系

為了統(tǒng)籌全球化，各國(guó)都需要使自然資源管理和諧化，并且關(guān)注環(huán)境，以此來(lái)獲得更多 的增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。這一點(diǎn)在管理食品供應(yīng)鏈時(shí)尤為重要，因?yàn)榄h(huán)境污染和氣候變化的確威 脅著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。
就營(yíng)業(yè)額、附加值，就業(yè)和公司數(shù)量方面來(lái)說(shuō)，食品工業(yè)是歐洲占主導(dǎo)地位的生產(chǎn)部 門。2005 年其營(yíng)業(yè)額是 8360 億歐元，并且就業(yè)人數(shù)將近 4 百萬(wàn)。盡管食品工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生 活和經(jīng)濟(jì)有著很重要的影響，但是它主要是由一些小型的公司組成。歐洲的 283000 食品公 司中，超過(guò) 99%是中小型企業(yè)。正是這些中小型企業(yè)創(chuàng)造了該工業(yè)幾乎一半的食品和飲料的 營(yíng)業(yè)額，并且雇傭了超過(guò) 61%的勞動(dòng)力。
除了要應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境問題的挑戰(zhàn)，食品部門還必須應(yīng)對(duì)與人口(年齡老化、遷徙)和人們生活 方式有關(guān)的變化。產(chǎn)業(yè)的日益集中（包括食品生產(chǎn)、加工、配送等），也在局部上改變著經(jīng) 濟(jì)活動(dòng)。這還造成了人們向城市遷移以及農(nóng)村地區(qū)的孤立。飲食習(xí)慣的改變（高熱量、高 飽  和脂肪酸，纖維等的減少）導(dǎo)致越來(lái)越多的相關(guān)疾病，如：糖尿病、心血管病等。肥胖被世 界衛(wèi)生組織認(rèn)為是世界范圍內(nèi)的流行病。肥胖會(huì)引起很多的健康問題，導(dǎo)致很高的代價(jià)。另 外，包括魚、海產(chǎn)食品供應(yīng)在內(nèi)的食品供應(yīng)鏈的擴(kuò)展導(dǎo)致更多的物流，同時(shí)也增加了運(yùn)輸能 源消耗和食品安全的隱患。

Sustainable agri-food supply chains and system

BY  Maurizio Mariani

In order to govern globalization, countries need to reconcile natural resource management and concern for the environment with the need to have more growth and employment. This is particularly important in the case of food supply chain management, as environment pollution and climate change do threaten agriculture productivity.

The food industry is the leading manufacturing sector in Europe, in terms of turnover, value added, employment and number of companies. Its turnover was 836 billion euros in 2005 and it employed nearly four million people. Although food industry has a major impact on our lives and economy, it is largely made up of small companies. Of the 283000 food companies in Europe, over 99% are SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). These SMEs generate almost half of the industry’s food and drink turnover and employ over 61% of the workforce.

Besides strong environment challenges, the food sector must face very important changes related to demographics (ageing, migration) and also lifestyles. The increasing concentration of industries, including food production, transformation, distribution also is modifying economical activities at a local level and is responsible of people migrations towards the cities and rural areas alienation. The change of diet habits (more calories, saturated fatty acids, less fibres etcc…) is responsible of increased diet-related diseases such as diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases etc… Obesity is considered by OMS as a true epidemy all over the world, with high costs and large scale health problems. Moreover the extension of food supply chain, including fish and sea food supply chain, with more logistics, energy consumption for transport and risks for food safety.