電廠風(fēng)機(jī)的應(yīng)用及故障分析

摘    要
機(jī)械故障診斷是上世紀(jì)六七十年底產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展起來的一門綜合性邊緣學(xué)科。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備越來越復(fù)雜，自動化水平越來越高，故障診斷的難度明顯增大。因此，研究和開發(fā)高效、使用的機(jī)械故障診斷技術(shù)，不僅是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)及設(shè)備制造自動化的需要，也是現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)備運(yùn)行維護(hù)和管理的一個(gè)課題。
風(fēng)機(jī)是一種從動的流體機(jī)械，廣泛應(yīng)用于隧道、地下車庫、高級民用建筑、冶金、廠礦、電廠等場所的通風(fēng)換氣及消防高溫排煙。風(fēng)機(jī)的工作是以輸出流量，產(chǎn)生全壓、所需功率及效率等參數(shù)來體現(xiàn)的，這些工作參數(shù)之間存在著相應(yīng)的關(guān)系。在發(fā)電廠中，需要許多風(fēng)機(jī)同時(shí)配合主機(jī)工作，才能使整個(gè)機(jī)組正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、生產(chǎn)電能，這些風(fēng)機(jī)有離心式、軸流式、混流式等多種形式，風(fēng)機(jī)輸送的流體有凝結(jié)水、冷卻水、潤滑油、酸堿類等液體，空氣、煙氣等氣體。送風(fēng)機(jī)、引風(fēng)機(jī)使火力發(fā)電廠中的重要輔助設(shè)備，它們對于火力發(fā)電廠的安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)起著重要的作用。風(fēng)機(jī)在發(fā)電廠的熱力系統(tǒng)中，如人體的心臟一樣，不斷地在循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中工作，同時(shí)，近年來大容量火力發(fā)電機(jī)組在我國迅速發(fā)展，大型電站風(fēng)機(jī)的可靠性直接關(guān)系到發(fā)電機(jī)組的安全運(yùn)行和電廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等。
   本課題在現(xiàn)有風(fēng)機(jī)性能試驗(yàn)臺的基礎(chǔ)上，利用電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)及組態(tài)軟件技術(shù)向結(jié)合，研究并設(shè)計(jì)了一套計(jì)算機(jī)輔助風(fēng)機(jī)性能自動測試與數(shù)據(jù)處理及管理系統(tǒng)。
   風(fēng)機(jī)剛開始工作時(shí)軸承部位的振動很小，但是隨著運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間的加長，風(fēng)機(jī)內(nèi)粉塵會不均勻的附著在葉輪上，逐漸破壞風(fēng)機(jī)的動平衡，使軸承振動逐漸加大，一旦振動達(dá)到風(fēng)機(jī)允許的最大值11mm/s時(shí)（用振幅值表示的最大允許值如下），風(fēng)機(jī)必須停機(jī)修理（清除粉塵堆積，重做動平衡）。因?yàn)檫@時(shí)已是非常危險(xiǎn)的，用戶千萬不可強(qiáng)行使用。在風(fēng)機(jī)振動接近危險(xiǎn)值時(shí)，有測振儀表的會報(bào)警。
關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)機(jī)；流體機(jī)械；機(jī)械故障診斷

Abstract
Mechanical fault diagnosis is the last century at the end of sixty or seventy the establishment and development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary. With the development of science and technology, the production equipment is more and more complex, more and more high level of automation, fault diagnosis significantly increases the difficulty. Therefore, the research and development of high efficiency, the use of the mechanical fault diagnosis technology, is not only the modernization of production equipment manufacturing and automation needs, is also the modern mechanical equipment maintenance and management of a project.
The fan is a follower of fluid machinery, widely used in tunnels, underground garage, senior civil construction, metallurgy, mining, power plants and other places of ventilation and fire of high temperature flue gas. The working air fan is to output flow, total pressure, the required power and efficiency of parameter to reflect, these parameters corresponding relationship exists between. In the power plant, need a lot of fans at the same time with the main work, in order to make the normal operation of the machine set, the production of electric energy, the fan is centrifugal, axial flow, mixed flow type and so on many kinds of forms, fan for conveying a fluid has condensed water, cooling water, oil, acid and other liquid, air, flue gas. Fan, fan so that the thermal power plant the important auxiliary equipment of thermal power plant, the safety, economic production plays an important role in. Fan in power plant thermodynamic system, such as the human body heart, constantly in the circulation system, at the same time, in recent years, large capacity fossil power unit develops rapidly in China, large power wind turbine reliability directly related to the safe operation of generating set and electric power plant economic benefits.
The issue of the existing fan performance test bed based on, use of electronic technology, computer technology, data processing technology and configuration software technology to combine, study and design a set of computer auxiliary ventilator performance automatic testing and data processing and management system.
Fan at the beginning of work part of bearing vibration is small, but as the running time longer, fan dust will not even attached to the impeller, the gradual destruction of fan dynamic balance, so that the bearing vibration increase gradually, once the vibration to fan the maximum allowed11mm/s ( amplitude value representation the maximum allowable values below), the wind turbine must be shut down repair ( removal of dust accumulation, redo dynamic balance ). Because it was very dangerous, users should never be forced to use. In fan vibration approaches the dangerous value, measuring instrument with alarm.
Key words: wind turbine; fluid machinery; machinery fault diagnosis
 
目    錄
摘    要 I
引    言 1
1熱力發(fā)電廠的設(shè)備及其發(fā)電原理 2
1.1熱力發(fā)電廠主要設(shè)備 2
1.2熱電廠發(fā)電原理 3
1.2.1汽水系統(tǒng) 3
1.2.2燃燒系統(tǒng) 3
1.2.3 發(fā)電系統(tǒng) 4
2風(fēng)機(jī)在電廠中的應(yīng)用 5
2.1風(fēng)機(jī)的分類 5
2.2離心式風(fēng)機(jī)和軸流式風(fēng)機(jī) 6
2.2.1離心式風(fēng)機(jī) 6
2.2.2軸流式風(fēng)機(jī) 7
2.2.3離心式風(fēng)機(jī)和軸流式風(fēng)機(jī)的比較 8
2.3送風(fēng)機(jī)的作用 8
2.4送風(fēng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu) 9
2.5風(fēng)機(jī)在電廠中的應(yīng)用 9
3風(fēng)機(jī)的性能、結(jié)構(gòu)及其工作原理 10
3.1風(fēng)機(jī)的性能 10
3.1.1風(fēng)機(jī)在電廠中的應(yīng)用 11
3.1.2風(fēng)機(jī)的測試參數(shù)的選定 11
3.1.3曲線擬合 11
3.2風(fēng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu) 12
3.3電廠風(fēng)機(jī)的工作原理 13
4電廠風(fēng)機(jī)的日常維護(hù)與保養(yǎng) 14
4.1葉輪的維護(hù)與保養(yǎng) 14
4.2機(jī)殼與進(jìn)氣室維修 14
4.3軸承部的維護(hù)保養(yǎng) 14
4.4風(fēng)機(jī)的維護(hù) 14
5電廠風(fēng)機(jī)常見的故障分析 16
5.1風(fēng)機(jī)的主要故障原因 16
5.1.1風(fēng)機(jī)的主要故障 16
5.1.2風(fēng)機(jī)的故障排除 20
5.2風(fēng)機(jī)振動故障原因分析 23
5.3電廠風(fēng)機(jī)常見故障 24
5.4電場風(fēng)機(jī)喘振的條件 25
5.5電廠風(fēng)機(jī)的調(diào)試 25
5.6風(fēng)機(jī)的安裝 25
5.6.1安裝前的準(zhǔn)備 25
5.6.2注意事項(xiàng) 26
6電廠風(fēng)機(jī)的節(jié)能改造 27
結(jié)    論 29
致    謝 31