摘  要

　　　人是自然的一部分，人與自然關(guān)系隨著人類的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生，人能夠認(rèn)識(shí)與利用自然規(guī)律，并按自己的目的與需要改造大自然，從而在改造自然中實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)自我的改造。同時(shí)，人也離不開(kāi)自然界，要從自然界獲取生存所需要的物質(zhì)和能量，要受到自然規(guī)律的支配與制約。因此，人與自然的關(guān)系是人類的生存與發(fā)展的前提和基礎(chǔ)，可以說(shuō)，人與自然的關(guān)系史同時(shí)也是人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展史?？v觀人與自然關(guān)系的發(fā)展歷程不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，工業(yè)革命是人與自然關(guān)系發(fā)展的一個(gè)分水嶺。此前，雖然出現(xiàn)過(guò)人與自然關(guān)系緊張，出現(xiàn)過(guò)局部的生態(tài)危機(jī)，但在總體上，人與自然處于和諧狀態(tài)。此后，人與自然關(guān)系日益緊張，特別是到了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題已演變成了全球性問(wèn)題，已影響到了人類社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。在征服自然思想的支配下，人類開(kāi)始對(duì)大自然征服與掠奪，造成了生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞，使人與自然關(guān)系陷入困境。隨著資本主義制度的不斷完善與科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，人類在理論和實(shí)踐上進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了自己對(duì)大自然的掠奪，使人與自然關(guān)系問(wèn)題成為全球性問(wèn)題，同時(shí)也弱化了人類的存在價(jià)值與意義，導(dǎo)致了人的異化，加劇了社會(huì)的不公平。思想是行動(dòng)的先導(dǎo)，要解決人與自然關(guān)系問(wèn)題，必須澄清認(rèn)識(shí)上的種種誤區(qū)，必須有科學(xué)的思想理論的指導(dǎo)。嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)使我們不得不對(duì)自己的自然觀、價(jià)值觀、思維方式等哲學(xué)思想進(jìn)行反思，以便擺脫人與自然關(guān)系困境，找到解決問(wèn)題的良策。

　　　本篇論文以人與自然關(guān)系困境的哲學(xué)思想根源為切入點(diǎn)，旨在通過(guò)對(duì)人與自然之間矛盾沖突的哲學(xué)考察，挖掘出當(dāng)代人與自然關(guān)系困境的思想根源，進(jìn)而從理論上澄清各種片面的、極端的、征服自然的認(rèn)識(shí)，為新的自然觀、價(jià)值觀、思維方式的確立提供新思路，為人類走出人與自然關(guān)系困境、實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論的支持。同時(shí)也期望通過(guò)對(duì)人與自然關(guān)系的哲學(xué)思考，為突破當(dāng)前我國(guó)發(fā)展中存在的人口、資源、環(huán)境約束，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展， 構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)提供一些有益的啟示。 

　　　  

 關(guān)鍵詞: 人，  自然，  理性

ABSTRACT

　　Ever since people have a relationship between man and nature, this relationship has two aspects, on the one hand, are just part of nature, a moment of human existence is inseparable from nature, people subject to the laws of nature and constraints . On the other hand, one can understand and use the laws of nature, according to their purpose and need to transform nature, and in the transformation of nature continue to transform themselves. Therefore, the relationship between man and nature, and human and social development are closely linked, can be said that the relationship between man and nature, history is also the history of human society. This requires that we should be explored from the perspective of human society, the relationship between man and nature.     

　　Throughout the development of relations between man and nature, history is not difficult to find, the industrial revolution is the relationship between man and nature, a watershed. Prior to that, although there have been local ecological crisis, but in general, is in a state of harmony between man and nature. Since then, the increasingly tense relationship between man and nature, especially to the modern society, the ecological environment has evolved into a global problem has affected the sustainable development of human society. Human conquest and plunder of nature, not only brought the destruction of human living environment, but also weakened the value and meaning of human existence, leading to alienation. As the capitalist system and technology development, continuous improvement, human theory and practice to further strengthen their plundering of nature, man and nature, the conflicts between the more serious. The stark reality that we have their nature, values, ways of thinking such as a comprehensive philosophy of reflection in order to get rid of the plight of man and nature, good way to find a solution to the problem.         

　　In this thesis, the plight of man and nature in the philosophical ideological roots as the starting point, designed by the conflict between man and nature, philosophical investigation, digging out the plight of the contemporary relationship between man and nature, the ideological root, and then clarify the theory kinds of one-sided, extreme, conquest of nature awareness, a new view of nature, values, ways of thinking to provide the establishment of new ideas for the relationship between human beings out of the plight of man and nature to achieve sustainable development of society to provide theoretical support. But also hope for relations between man and nature through the philosophy of thinking, to break the current existence of the development of population, resources, environmental constraints, to achieve sustainable economic and social development, and building a socialist harmonious society certain philosophical enlightent.

　　　　

KEY WORDS: people,nature,reason,subjectivity

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

目 錄

摘  要 I

ABSTRACT III

前  言 1

第一章  人與自然關(guān)系的發(fā)展歷程及其當(dāng)代困境 3

1．1 人與自然關(guān)系的發(fā)展歷程 3

1.1.1 人對(duì)自然被動(dòng)適應(yīng)的歷史時(shí)期 3

1.1.2 人對(duì)自然能動(dòng)改造的歷史階段 5

1.2 當(dāng)代社會(huì)人與自然面臨的困境 5

　　　1.2.1各種資源接近承載極限 6

1.2.2生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭受嚴(yán)重破壞 6

1.2.3環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重 7

第二章 人與自然關(guān)系困境的哲學(xué)思考 9

2.1 機(jī)械唯物主義自然觀 9

2.1.1機(jī)械唯物主義的自然觀的歷史演變 9

2.1.2機(jī)械唯物主義的自然觀的主要特征 10

2.1.3機(jī)械唯物主義的自然觀在人與自然關(guān)系問(wèn)題上的局限性 11

2.2  主客二分思維方式 13

2.2.1 主客二分思維方式的歷史演變 13

2.2.2 主客二分的思維方式的特征 14

2.2.3 主客二分思維方法對(duì)人與自然關(guān)系的消極影響 15

2.3理性主義與人類中心主義 17

2.3.1古代社會(huì)理性的主要特征 18

2.3.2近代以來(lái)：理性的泛化和工具化 19

2.3.3理性主義片面發(fā)展的后果：人類中心主義的膨脹 20

2.4 理性追求與價(jià)值欲求 21

2.4.1 古希臘時(shí)期：理性控制著欲望 21

2.4.2 中世紀(jì)：理性壓抑著欲望 22

2.4.3 近代以來(lái)：理性被欲望所控制 23

第三章 人與自然和諧關(guān)系的理論建構(gòu) 27

3.1馬克思主義哲學(xué)是人與自然和諧的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ) 27

3.1.1馬克思主義視野中的人與自然 27

3.1.2馬克思主義自然觀的主要特征 28

3.1.3馬克思主義視野中的幾種辯證關(guān)系 29

3.1.4馬克思主義哲學(xué)在解決人與自然關(guān)系問(wèn)題上的當(dāng)代價(jià)值 31

3.2 實(shí)現(xiàn)思維方式的轉(zhuǎn)變 34

3.2.1 重構(gòu)天人合一的思想觀念 34

3.2.2 重構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的、有機(jī)的、整體的思維方式 35

3.2.3 重構(gòu)主客相融的思維方式 36

3.3 重構(gòu)理性和價(jià)值的關(guān)系 37

3.3.1 要實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)尺度的統(tǒng)一 37

3.3.2要整合科學(xué)視野與人文視野 39

3.4 堅(jiān)持可持續(xù)發(fā)展與建設(shè)生態(tài)文明 40

3.4.1 堅(jiān)持可持續(xù)發(fā)展 40

3.4.2建設(shè)社會(huì)主義生態(tài)文明 43

結(jié)  語(yǔ) 45

參考文獻(xiàn) 47

后   記 50

獨(dú) 創(chuàng) 性 聲 明 52

關(guān)于論文使用授權(quán)的說(shuō)明 54