歷年閱讀理解真題解析


頁數(shù)：107 字?jǐn)?shù)：161124


CONTENTS


2003 TEXT 1 1
2003 TEXT 2 2
2003 TEXT 3 2
2003 TEXT 4 2
2002 TEXT 1 2
2002 TEXT 2 2
2002 TEXT 3 2
2002 TEXT 4 2
2001 PASSAGE 1 2
2001 PASSAGE 2 2
2001 PASSAGE 3 2
2001 PASSAGE 4 2
2001 PASSAGE 5 2
2000 PASSAGE 1 2
2000 PASSAGE 2 2
2000 PASSAGE 3 2
2000 PASSAGE 4 2
2000 PASSAGE 5 2
1999 PASSAGE 1 2
1999 PASSAGE 2 2
1999 PASSAGE 3 2
1999 PASSAGE 4 2
1999 PASSAGE 5 2
1998 PASSAGE 1 2
1998 PASSAGE 2 2
1998 PASSAGE 3 2
1998 PASSAGE 4 2
1998 PASSAGE 5 2
1997 PASSAGE 1 2
1997 PASSAGE 2 2
1997 PASSAGE 3 2
1997 PASSAGE 4 2
1997 PASSAGE 5 2
1996 PASSAGE 1 2
1996 PASSAGE 2 2
1996 PASSAGE 3 2
1996 PASSAGE 4 2
1996 PASSAGE 5 2
1995 PASSAGE 1 2
1995 PASSAGE 2 2
1995 PASSAGE 3 2
1995 PASSAGE 4 2
1995 PASSAGE 5 2
1994 PASSAGE 1 2
1994 PASSAGE 2 2
1994 PASSAGE 3 2
1994 PASSAGE 4 2
1994 PASSAGE 5 2


Text 1

　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.
　　The last revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
　　Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And well hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.
　　Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has ________.　　[A] received support from fans like Donovan 　　 remolded the intelligence services 　　[C] restored many common pastimes 　　[D] revived spying as a profession
42. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to ________.　　[A] introduce the topic of online spying 　　 show how he fought for the US 　　[C] give an episode of the information war 　　[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.　　[A] causing the biggest trouble 　　 exerting the greatest effort 　　[C] achieving the greatest success 　　[D] enjoying the widest popularity
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.　　[A] Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved true 　　 Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information 　　[C] Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictability 　　[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.　　[A] official status. 　　 nonconformist image. 　　[C] efficient staff. 　　[D] military background.
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
spymaster即spy+master，間諜大王、間諜組織首腦。
strategic（戰(zhàn)略的；對全局起關(guān)鍵作用的）為strategy（戰(zhàn)略，策略）的形容詞形式，-ic為形容詞后綴。strategy and tactics 戰(zhàn)略與戰(zhàn)術(shù)；a global strategy 全球戰(zhàn)略。Worry more about implementation than strategy — its harder to do.更多地為貫徹落實(shí)而非戰(zhàn)略本身操心——這樣做更難。
lay the roots for 扎根于。
fascinate（使著迷，強(qiáng)烈地吸引），去e加名詞后綴-ion即為fascination（入迷；誘惑力），去e加形容詞后綴-ing即為fascinating（迷人的），另可記fascism（法西斯主義）、fascist（法西斯主義的；法西斯主義者）。He was fascinated with her beauty.他被她的美貌迷住了。
espionage（間諜活動(dòng)）即esp(i)+ion+age，espi即espy（窺探←e-=ex-出來+spy窺探），-ion與-age皆名詞后綴，表“活動(dòng)”。
revolution（革命；旋轉(zhuǎn)）是revolve（使旋轉(zhuǎn)）的名詞形式，“旋轉(zhuǎn)”入“革命”的漩渦。revolve即re+volve，re-反復(fù)，volve詞根“卷”，于是“反復(fù)卷”→旋轉(zhuǎn)。The heart makes a revolution, the head a reformation.感情造就革命，理智形成改革。Folds used to be willing to wait patiently for a slow-moving stage coach, but now they kick like the dickens if they miss one revolution of a revolving door.過去人們一向樂于耐心等待慢吞吞的公共馬車，可現(xiàn)在若錯(cuò)過旋轉(zhuǎn)門的一次旋轉(zhuǎn)，他們就亂踢一氣。revolution — ①an injustice that serves to replace as soon as possible the injustice of yesterday by the injustice of tomorrow ②the setting-up of a new order contradictory to the traditional one 革命——①能夠促進(jìn)盡快用明天的非正義取代昨天的非正義的一種非正義 ②建立一種與傳統(tǒng)秩序相反的新秩序。Religions revolve madly round sexual questions.種種宗教都圍繞著兩性問題瘋狂地打轉(zhuǎn)。
give birth to 分娩；產(chǎn)生；造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.
spook（幽靈；間諜）可看作sp(y)+o(o)+ok→“幽靈”級的“間諜”窺探（spy）只用兩只眼睛（oo）就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in 幽靈——人人害怕，卻沒人相信的東西。
intelligence（智力；情報(bào)）即intel+lig+ence，intel-即inter-（前綴，意為“在……之間”=between，因后接l，故r變形為l），lig詞根意為“選擇”=lect（i與e元音可替換，ct=G←G不就是由C+T組成的嗎？），-ence名詞后綴，故“從中挑選出所需之物的能力”→智力；“從中挑選出來的東西”→情報(bào)。intel+lig+ent形容詞后綴→intelligent（聰明的）；intel+lig+ible形容詞后綴→intelligible（可理解的，易懂的）。intelligence — perhaps only an instinct that is mistaken 智力——也許僅僅是一種被弄錯(cuò)的本能。Intelligence is quickness in seeing things as they are.智慧就是迅速看出事物本來面目的能力。
influential（有影響的；有權(quán)勢的）即in+flu+ential，in-前綴意為“到里面”=into，flu詞根意為“流”=flow（flu作單詞時(shí)意為“流感”，即“流行性感冒”），-ential形容詞后綴，故“能流到心里面的”→有影響的。名詞與動(dòng)詞形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后綴。That man is admired above all men, who is not influenced by money.不為金錢所動(dòng)的人是最受崇敬的。
compile（編輯；搜集）即com+pile，com-前綴“一起”，pile堆，故“把文字堆在一起”→編輯；“把資料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler（編輯）←compil(e)+er表“人”；compilation（編纂）←compil(e)+ation名詞后綴表“行為”。
splash（n.v.濺）為擬聲詞。make a splash 炫耀財(cái)富；Diplomacy — the art of jumping into trouble without making a splash.外交——縱身躍入麻煩而不濺起水花的藝術(shù)。
prediction（預(yù)言，預(yù)測）即pre+dict+ion，pre-前綴表“在前”，dict詞根意為“說”，-ion名詞后綴，故“在事情發(fā)生前就說的”→預(yù)言，動(dòng)詞為predict←pre+dict。
mutually（相互地）可看作mut(e)+ual+ly，mute（啞的），-ual形容詞后綴，-ly副詞后綴，啞巴之間說話只能靠“相互地”交換手勢，形容詞為mutual（相互的）。The proper basis for marriage is a mutual misunderstandings.婚姻固有的基礎(chǔ)是相互誤解。
reinforce（增援，加強(qiáng)）即re+inforce，re-前綴“再”=again，inforce即enforce（加強(qiáng)），故“再次加強(qiáng)”→加強(qiáng)。reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土。
distribution（分發(fā)）即dis+tribut+ion，dis-前綴“分離”=apart，tribut詞根“給”，-ion名詞后綴，故“給出去”→分發(fā)。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.巨大的財(cái)富除了散布，沒有真正的用途。
dramatic（戲劇性的；引人注目的；劇烈的）即drama+tic，drama戲劇、劇本，-tic形容詞后綴，表“具……性質(zhì)”。Has anyone ever seen a dramatic critic in the daytime Of course not. They come out after dark, up to no good.有誰在白天見過戲劇批評家嗎？當(dāng)然沒有。他們天黑才露面，不做什么好事情。
take pride in 以為驕傲。
emergence（顯現(xiàn)）為emerge的名詞形式，emerge即e+merge，e-=ex-，表“出來”，merge意為“結(jié)合，兼并”，故“從兼并狀態(tài)中出來”→顯現(xiàn)。emergency（緊急情況，突然事件）←e+merg(e)+ency名詞后綴。Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion.在錯(cuò)誤中比在混亂中更容易出真理。Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.懦夫就是在危急時(shí)刻用兩條腿思考的人。
revive（v.恢復(fù)；復(fù)蘇）即re+vive，re-前綴“回”，vive詞根“活的”，故“回到活的狀態(tài)”→復(fù)蘇。Any great work of art is great because it creates a special world of its own. It revives and readapts time and space.任何偉大的藝術(shù)品之所以偉大，是由于它創(chuàng)造了自己特有的世界。它再現(xiàn)并重新改寫了時(shí)空。
nonconformist（不合傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范的；不合傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范的人）即non-（前綴，“不”）+conform（遵守）+ist（“……的”或“……的人”）。
試題解析：
　　這是一篇說明性的文章，介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)對情報(bào)行業(yè)的影響。文章第一段便指出，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在改變情報(bào)行業(yè)。第二段進(jìn)一步說明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)促使了一種新的情報(bào)行業(yè)的誕生，運(yùn)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)可以獲取更多的情報(bào)。接下來，作者以Straitford公司為例，介紹該公司如何將網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)運(yùn)用于情報(bào)工作以及該公司的一些經(jīng)營理念。整篇文章通俗易懂，雖存在個(gè)別生詞，但考生可以通過上下文猜測出詞義。　　基于這篇文章的5道小題考查的范圍覆蓋了全文，既考查了考生理解具體信息的能力，也考查了考生推測詞義、推理引申的能力。5道小題難度適中。
41. 　　該小題考查的是考生是否理解了第一段內(nèi)容，特別是最后一句話?！　∧蔷湓捠牵骸癟hese days the Net, which has re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.”。其中，“Donovans vocation”指的就是“spying”，也就是“intelligence services”（情報(bào)行業(yè)）。關(guān)鍵在于對“reshape”一詞的理解，它的含義是“改造”?！　±斫饬艘陨线@兩點(diǎn)就能選出正確答案B。其實(shí)B選項(xiàng)就是原文的另一種表述方式。但是，此題只有28.7％的考生選出了正確案，答對率不高?！　「嗟目忌x擇的是D。選錯(cuò)的原因可能在于考生對“reshape”與“revive”的詞義差別區(qū)分不清?！皉evive”一詞的含義是“to come or bring back into use or existence”（<使>復(fù)興，<使>復(fù)活），暗含的意思是某事物已不存在或已喪失作用。第一段并沒有提到間諜行業(yè)曾經(jīng)消失的信息，從第二段中我們了解到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)推動(dòng)了情報(bào)行業(yè)的發(fā)展，也沒有找到任何關(guān)于情報(bào)行業(yè)曾經(jīng)中斷的內(nèi)容，所以D選項(xiàng)的說法是不正確的?！　選項(xiàng)也不正確，關(guān)鍵也在于“re-make”與“restore”的差別?！皉estore”的含義有：（1）“bring back into existence or use”（該義項(xiàng)與“revive”相近）；（2）“bring back to an original condition”（恢復(fù)到原來的狀態(tài)）。原文說的是，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)改變了人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹姆绞剑纾嘿I書，發(fā)郵件等。人們現(xiàn)在可以足不出戶，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)購書或發(fā)電子郵件。因此，無論“restore”在此取哪一種義項(xiàng)都與原文意思不符?！　選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。選擇A的考生對第一句話沒有理解。第一句話用“would have loved”虛擬語氣說，若Wild Bill Donovan還在世的話，他會(huì)愛上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的?？梢奃onovan在世的時(shí)候并沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，從后面的幾句話中我們也能證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。所以A選項(xiàng)將Donovan說成是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的愛好者的說法是錯(cuò)誤的。
42. [A]　　該小題問作者提起Donovan的目的。　　答這類題的時(shí)候，考生應(yīng)從整段或全文的角度去考慮。作者在寫文章時(shí)舉出某個(gè)例子時(shí)，這個(gè)例子一定是圍繞著作者想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。讀懂了細(xì)節(jié)，弄清了篇章結(jié)構(gòu)能有助于把握文章主旨，反過來，了解了文章的大致主題和觀點(diǎn)也可幫助我們吃透細(xì)節(jié)。其實(shí)，在篇首對Donovan的介紹只是一個(gè)引子，導(dǎo)出的是作者要談的主題，即第一段的最后一句話。在后面的幾段中，作者介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對情報(bào)工作的影響。所以答案是A?！　∮胁糠挚忌x擇了C，原因在于沒有理解文章的主題?！　∵@道題屬于中等難度偏易的題目，區(qū)分度較好。
43. [C]　　該小題考查的是考生對詞組詞義的猜測能力?！　　癿ake a splash”的含義是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”。即使不知道這個(gè)詞組的含義，也可以從下文中推測出：Straitford公司是這個(gè)新領(lǐng)域的佼佼者，所以答案是C?！　∑渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中找不到依據(jù)?！　∵@道題屬于中等難度偏易的題目，區(qū)分度較好。
44. [D]　　該小題考查的是考生的推理、引申能力?！　〉谒亩沃饕v的是：Friedman將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為一個(gè)雙向的工具，既用來收集信息，又用來發(fā)布信息。然后以烏克蘭（Ukraine）的例子說明網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)的實(shí)際作用?！　選項(xiàng)的說法沒有根據(jù)，因?yàn)槲闹兄徽f了Stfaitford公司作出了關(guān)于烏克蘭局勢的預(yù)測，并沒有信息說明預(yù)言是否成真?！　選項(xiàng)的說法“Straitford公司確保情報(bào)的真實(shí)性”與原文意思有些不符。第四段最后一句說，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)收集情報(bào)是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，因?yàn)榍閳?bào)的真?zhèn)坞y辨。Straitford公司就是靠辨別真?zhèn)吻閳?bào)吃飯的。從這兩句話中可以知道，Straitford公司能提供相當(dāng)可靠的情報(bào)，但沒有保證情報(bào)百分之百準(zhǔn)確，從常理上說也是不可能的。所以B的說法太絕對?！　選項(xiàng)說的是Straitford公司生意的特點(diǎn)是不可預(yù)測性，這種說法在文中也找不到根據(jù)?！　∵@道小題屬于中等難度的題目。
45. 　　該小題考查的是考生對最后一段內(nèi)容的理解?！　〈鸢缚梢栽谧詈笠痪湓捴姓页觯骸癝traitford，says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”。Straitford公司引以為豪的是其獨(dú)立的立場。與其他公司不同，Straitford公司避免外界的左右。B選項(xiàng)其實(shí)就是“independent voice”的另一種說法?！　∑渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)或沒有說到點(diǎn)子上或缺乏依據(jù)，都是錯(cuò)誤的?！　≡擃}屬于中等難度題，區(qū)分度較好。
全文翻譯：
　　比爾·多諾汶肯定會(huì)喜歡網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這位美國間諜大王對情報(bào)著迷，他曾經(jīng)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)建立了戰(zhàn)略事務(wù)辦公室，后來又為中央情報(bào)局的成立打下了基礎(chǔ)。多諾汶相信，在諜報(bào)職業(yè)這個(gè)“大游戲”中可以使用任何手段。如今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了買書和寄信這樣的日?；顒?dòng)，也正在改變多諾汶曾經(jīng)從事的這個(gè)職業(yè)?！　∽罱倪@次革命性的改變不僅僅是一個(gè)人偷看別人的電子郵件的問題，這樣的電子間諜活動(dòng)已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)十年。在過去的三四年中，國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)派生出一個(gè)可稱為點(diǎn)擊諜報(bào)的完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)。間諜們把它稱為“公開來源情報(bào)”。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的增長，這樣的情報(bào)變得越來越有影響力。1995年中央情報(bào)局舉辦了一個(gè)競賽，看誰能夠收集到關(guān)于“布隆迪”的最多信息。勝者勝出了一大截，卻是弗吉尼亞的一家小公司，名為“公開來源解決方案”，它的明顯優(yōu)勢是它對電子世界的把握。　　在這個(gè)新的電子世界中最引起轟動(dòng)的是一個(gè)叫司特雷福的公司，它是得克薩斯州奧斯汀市的一個(gè)私營的情報(bào)分析公司。該公司的業(yè)務(wù)是將覆蓋全球各個(gè)國家的情報(bào)銷售給“麥克德莫國際”這樣的能源公司。它的許多預(yù)測在網(wǎng)上都可以查閱，網(wǎng)址www.straitford.com。　　該公司的總裁喬治·弗萊德曼說，他把網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界視為情報(bào)收集和情報(bào)發(fā)布兩方面相互增強(qiáng)的工具，是間諜們的夢想。上周，他的公司正在從遠(yuǎn)在世界的另一角落收集零散的信息，并預(yù)測在烏克蘭將發(fā)生一場危機(jī)?！耙坏┻@個(gè)報(bào)道發(fā)布，我們將從烏克蘭突然新增500個(gè)瀏覽用戶，”弗萊德曼，一位前政治科學(xué)教授說，“我們將聽到其中一些人的回應(yīng)。”當(dāng)然公開來源的諜報(bào)活動(dòng)的確有它的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)楹茈y區(qū)分正確與錯(cuò)誤的信息。這正是司特雷福公司掙飯吃的地方?！　「トR德曼只在奧斯汀市雇用了為數(shù)不多的雇員。其中的一些有軍事情報(bào)工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位視為它成功的關(guān)鍵。司特雷福公司的簡報(bào)聽上去不像華盛頓當(dāng)局常常提供的躲閃的言辭，政府機(jī)構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，因?yàn)檫@些言論可能出錯(cuò)。弗萊德曼說，司特雷福公司為其獨(dú)立的聲音而感到自豪。

2003 Text 2

　　To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
　　For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just dont understand.
　　Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
　　Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to ________.　　[A] call on scientists to take some actions 　　 criticize the misguided cause of animal rights 　　[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research 　　[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.　　[A] cruel but natural 　　 inhuman and unacceptable 　　[C] inevitable but vicious 　　[D] pointless and wasteful
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics ________.　　[A] discontent with animal research 　　 ignorance about medical science 　　[C] indifference to epidemics 　　[D] anxiety about animal rights
49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.　　[A] communicate more with the public 　　 employ hi-tech means in research 　　[C] feel no shame for their cause 　　[D] strive to develop new cures
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.　　[A] a well-known humanist 　　 a medical practitioner 　　[C] an enthusiast in animal rights 　　[D] a supporter of animal research
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
paraphrase（n.v.釋意）即para+phrase，para-前綴表“在旁邊、輔助”，phrase即“短語；用短語表達(dá)”，故“用短語輔助表達(dá)”→釋意。以para-為前綴的單詞還有paragraph（文章的段、節(jié)；短評）←para+graph寫；parameter（參數(shù)）←para+meter計(jì)量、parasite（寄生蟲）←para+site地點(diǎn)。
biomedical（生物醫(yī)學(xué)的）←bio生物+medic醫(yī)療+al形容詞后綴。
respond（v.回復(fù)；響應(yīng)）即re+spond，re-(=back)，spond詞根“請求”，于是“回復(fù)請求”→響應(yīng)。One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience for watching ones own interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new thoughts.令人永不生厭的不多的幾種體驗(yàn)之一，是觀察自己的頭腦，看它是如何產(chǎn)生新的興趣、對新的刺激作出反應(yīng)及發(fā)展新的思想。
advocate（v.提倡n.倡議者；辯護(hù)人）即ad+voc+ate，ad-前綴表“加強(qiáng)”，voc詞根意為“聲音”（即voice，因?yàn)樵艨扇我庠鰷p替換），-ate為動(dòng)詞后綴（作名詞后綴時(shí)表“人”）。
argument（辯論；論據(jù)，論點(diǎn)）為argue（v.辯論；主張）的名詞形式。argument — the longest distance between two points of view 爭論——兩種觀點(diǎn)之間的最遠(yuǎn)距離。Truth is always the strongest argument.事實(shí)永遠(yuǎn)是最強(qiáng)有力的論據(jù)。Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument.絕不要在餐桌上爭論，因?yàn)槎亲硬火I的人總是占上風(fēng)。
allegation（宣稱）即al+leg+ation，al-前綴表“加強(qiáng)”，leg詞根意為“說”（如legend→leg說+end名詞后綴表“物”→人們都在說的東西→傳奇），ation名詞后綴。allege為其動(dòng)詞形式。
perplex（使困惑，使復(fù)雜化）即per+plex，per-前綴表“完全”，plex詞根意為“重疊”，故“完全重疊在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根詞為complex→com一起+plex→重疊在一起的→復(fù)雜的；綜合的；聯(lián)合體。
brochure（小冊子）源自法語，詞形與brother相似→兄弟們每人手里拿著本小冊子。
immunization（免疫作用）←immune（免疫的；免除的）、immunity（免疫；免除）、immunize（使免疫；使免除）。immune→im+mun+e，im=in表“否定”（因后接字母m，故in變形為im），mun（本為詞根，此不論）可分解為mu+n←讀作“母?！薄畛鯙榉捞旎ǘ┬械淖钣行У拿庖叻词窃谀膛Ｉ砩显囼?yàn)出來的，故謂之“種牛痘”。
vaccine（疫苗）即vacc(a)+ine，vacca是拉丁文“?！保ㄩ_頭兩字母V和A表帶角牛頭），-ine后綴多用于醫(yī)藥名詞（如medicine），該詞是當(dāng)初科學(xué)家發(fā)表“牛痘”論文時(shí)創(chuàng)造的。vaccination（接種疫苗）←vaccin(e)+ation名詞后綴。vaccine — a microbe with its face washed 疫苗——洗過臉的微生物。
epidemic（流行的；流行?。┡cacademic形似→學(xué)術(shù)思潮像流行病一樣流行。
deceptive（欺騙的，蒙蔽的）→deceive（v.欺騙，蒙蔽）→deception（n.欺騙，蒙蔽），類似單詞有receptive（善接受的）→receive（v.接收；招待）→reception（接收；招待；招待會(huì)）。deceptions — the oil to the wheels of life 欺騙——生活車輪的潤滑油。
ultimate（最終的；根本的），馬丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King）說：The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.衡量一個(gè)人的最終尺度，不是看他在舒適順利的時(shí)候站在哪里，而是看他在受到非難和爭議的時(shí)候站在哪里。
recruit（v.征兵；招募n.新兵；新成員）即re+cruit，re-前綴表“反復(fù)”，cruit詞根意為“創(chuàng)造”（=create，因?yàn)樵糇帜缚稍鰷p替換），玩星際（zerg，哈哈）的時(shí)候不就要拼命“反復(fù)、一再”地create兵嗎？
vicious（邪惡的，惡毒的）即vic(e)+ious，vice即名詞“邪惡”，-ious為形容詞后綴。The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚，就越不容易疑心別人邪惡。
ignorance（無知；不知道）即ig+nor(e)+ance，ig-否定前綴，nor詞根表“知道”=know，-ance名詞后綴。ignorant（無知的）；ignore（v.忽視）。Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.不是無知，而是對無知的無知，才是知識的死亡。ignorance — when you dont know something and somebody finds it out 無知——你不知道某事而又被人發(fā)現(xiàn)了。The more you study, the more youll find yourself ignorant.越學(xué)習(xí)越會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無知。ignorant person — is one who doesnt know what you have just found out 無知的人——不知道你剛剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的事情的人。
extinguish（v.熄滅，滅絕）→extinct（a.熄滅的，滅絕的），類似的有distinguish（v.區(qū)別，辨別）→distinct（獨(dú)特的，明顯的）。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small, it inflames the great.離別之于愛情有如風(fēng)之于火，它熄滅小火，卻使大火燃燒更旺。
bypass 心臟搭橋；embers 灰燼（但火焰尚未完全熄滅）。
試題解析：
　　這是一篇論說文。文章的內(nèi)容大致是這樣的：作者舉例說明許多動(dòng)物權(quán)益保護(hù)者并不了解生物醫(yī)學(xué)的真實(shí)情況和意義，而一味地反對生物醫(yī)學(xué)，使廣大群眾也受到了蒙蔽。針對這一點(diǎn)，作者指出科學(xué)家應(yīng)采取措施與大眾多交流，避免由于人們的無知而阻礙了生物醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。　　基于這篇文章的5個(gè)小題考查了考生把握文章要義的能力，理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力以及推理、引申的能力。從考生的答題情況看，這篇文章的題目是四篇文章中最簡單的。5個(gè)小題的區(qū)分度都較好。
46. [A]　　該小題問的是作者在篇首引用Edmund Burke的話的含義?！　∵@道題與第42小題有類似之處，實(shí)際上考查了考生對文章主旨要義的理解。篇首的話在篇尾得到了呼應(yīng)：“If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.”。一首一尾的呼應(yīng)突出了這篇文章的中心：呼喚科學(xué)家們采取行動(dòng)，切勿讓人們的無知阻礙了醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。所以應(yīng)該選A。答對的考生有31.6％，屬中等難度的題目，區(qū)分度較好?！　∮?3.4％的考生選擇了B，錯(cuò)誤的原因在于沒有抓住文章的中心要義。
47. 　　該題問的是受誤導(dǎo)的人們是怎樣看待用動(dòng)物做試驗(yàn)的?！　那皟啥魏偷谌蔚淖詈笠痪渲?，我們了解到，受到誤導(dǎo)的人們認(rèn)為用動(dòng)物做研究是殘酷的、不可思議的。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，B最符合原文。　　A項(xiàng)中提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不對，正相反，人們認(rèn)為那是非常不合情理的?！　項(xiàng)說的是“不可避免的，但含有惡意的”，也不正確?！　項(xiàng)說的是“毫無意義，浪費(fèi)的”。實(shí)際上，人們的反對態(tài)度很強(qiáng)烈。D項(xiàng)雖無原則上的錯(cuò)誤，但是不如B項(xiàng)更貼近原文意思?！　≡擃}屬于中等難度偏易的題目，區(qū)分度較好。
48. 　　該題主要是考查考生是否理解論據(jù)在文章中的作用，是否能從眾多信息中找出作者的觀點(diǎn)?！　∵@個(gè)例子不難理解，說的是一位老太太向大家散發(fā)傳單，號召大家不要用任何來自于動(dòng)物或在動(dòng)物身上試驗(yàn)過的東西。當(dāng)問及是否反對使用疫苗時(shí)，老太大并不知道疫苗是從動(dòng)物研究中得來的。她認(rèn)為，若疫苗也來源于動(dòng)物，那么就不應(yīng)使用疫苗，流行病自有科學(xué)家們用計(jì)算機(jī)來解決?？梢娎咸珜茖W(xué)的無知。而她的這種無知是很普遍的。第二段最后一句話感嘆：“Such well-meaning people just dont understand.”（這些好心人壓根就不明白）。所以答案為B。　　有部分考生選擇了A，我們一起看一下A為什么不對。A說的是公眾對動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)的不滿。的確，人們很反感用動(dòng)物做試驗(yàn)，但是，老太太的例子就是為了說明這一點(diǎn)嗎？這個(gè)論據(jù)反映的是什么論點(diǎn)呢？考生可以從全文的角度看。文章的重點(diǎn)不在描寫公眾有多憤怒，而在于指出公眾不滿的根源——對醫(yī)學(xué)研究不了解，然后呼喚科學(xué)家們針對這個(gè)根源采取行動(dòng)。所以老太太的例子反映的是公眾的無知。A不正確。　　C、D也是類似錯(cuò)誤?！　≡撔☆}屬中等難度題，區(qū)分度較好。
49. [A]　　該題考查的是考生對作者觀點(diǎn)的理解，解題線索可在最后兩段中找出。作者向科學(xué)家們提出的建議都是有助于他們與公眾更好的交流。答案很明顯，是A?！　≡擃}屬較容易的題，區(qū)分度很理想。
50. [D]　　該題考查考生的推理能力。　　從最后一段，我們可以找到線索：“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research...”。從這句話中，我們知道Cooper是個(gè)名人，也是病患者，他曾經(jīng)高度贊揚(yáng)過動(dòng)物研究的價(jià)值。所以，我們可以推斷出他是支持動(dòng)物研究的。答案是D?！　≡撔☆}屬中等難度偏易的題目。
全文翻譯：
　　18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾說過類似這樣的話，“一個(gè)被誤導(dǎo)的事業(yè)如果要成功，它惟一需要的是好人無所作為”。一個(gè)這樣的事業(yè)現(xiàn)在正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究，因?yàn)橛羞@樣一種理論說，動(dòng)物享有權(quán)利禁止它們被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)?？茖W(xué)家應(yīng)該對動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出強(qiáng)有力的回應(yīng)，因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜斯姷囊暵?，從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的進(jìn)步。動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究，原因在于它依賴公共資金的資助，并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學(xué)研究的過程。當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)虐待動(dòng)物的指控時(shí)，許多人都不明白為什么有人會(huì)故意傷害動(dòng)物?！　±?，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在動(dòng)物權(quán)利宣傳點(diǎn)前散發(fā)小冊子，規(guī)勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)制品——肉類，毛皮，藥物。當(dāng)被問到她是否反對免疫接種時(shí)，她問疫苗是否來自動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)被告知的確如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不說，是的，我反對接種”。當(dāng)被問到瘟疫爆發(fā)怎么辦時(shí)，她說，“不用擔(dān)心，科學(xué)家會(huì)找到一種方法，用計(jì)算機(jī)來解決問題”?？?，這樣好心的人們就是不明白?！　】茖W(xué)家必須把他們的意思傳達(dá)給公眾，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的語言，一般人能夠明白的語言，而不要使用分子生物學(xué)的語言。我們需要說明動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關(guān)。許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。對于他們來說，動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說得好是浪費(fèi)，說得不好是殘忍?！　∮泻芏嗍虑榭梢宰?。科學(xué)家可以進(jìn)入中學(xué)課堂，展示他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。他們應(yīng)該對報(bào)刊的讀者來信及時(shí)做出反應(yīng)，以防止動(dòng)物權(quán)利的誤導(dǎo)言論在毫無質(zhì)疑的情況下橫行，從而獲得一副真理的面容。科研機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該對外開放，讓人參觀，向人們展示實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的動(dòng)物獲得了人道的對待。最后，因?yàn)樽罱K決定因素是病人，醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取斯蒂芬·庫柏這樣的名人的支持——他對動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定——而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無所作為，一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。

2003 Text 3

　　In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
　　Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
　　The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
　　Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
　　Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.　　[A] cost reduction is based on competition 　　 services call for cross-trade coordination 　　[C] outside competitors will continue to exist 　　[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat
52. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry 　　[A] Indifferent. 　　 Supportive. 　　[C] Indignant. 　　[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.　　[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad 　　 there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide 　　[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief 　　[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business
54. The word "arbiters" (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.　　[A] who work as coordinators 　　 who function as judges 　　[C] who supervise transactions 　　[D] who determine the price
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.　　[A] the continuing acquisition 　　 the growing traffic 　　[C] the cheering Wall Street 　　[D] the shrinking market
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
merge（v.合并）比emerge（v.出現(xiàn)；形成）少首字母e，merger（n.合并）←merge+r名詞后綴。
monopoly（n.壟斷；專利權(quán)）即mono+poly，mono-前綴“單獨(dú)的”，poly（詞根=sell）可看作play，于是“一個(gè)人玩”→壟斷。動(dòng)詞為monopolize←mono+pol(y)+ize動(dòng)詞后綴。含前綴mono-的單詞另如：monotonous（單調(diào)的）←mono+ton調(diào)+ous形容詞后綴；monoxide（一氧化物）←mon(o)+ox氧+ide化合物；monocracy（獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治）←mono+cracy統(tǒng)治。Liberty and monopoly cannot live together.自由與壟斷不能并存。monopoly — business at the end of its journey 壟斷——窮途末路的商業(yè)。
substantial（實(shí)質(zhì)的；堅(jiān)固的；富裕的）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+antial形容詞后綴。名詞為substance（物質(zhì)；實(shí)質(zhì)；財(cái)產(chǎn)）←sub+st+ance。Every person born in the USA is endowed with life, liberty and a substantial share of the national debt.生在美國的每個(gè)人都被賦予生命、自由和國債的大量份額。
reduction（減少）←re(=back)+duc引導(dǎo)+tion名詞后綴；reduce（v.減少；還原）←re+duce。同根詞：deduce（v.演繹）←de(=away)+duce；deduction（演繹；推論）←de+duc+tion。The tendency of modern science is to reduce proof to absurdity by continually reducing absurdity to proof.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的趨勢，是以不斷地把謬論化為證明來使證明淪為謬論。reducing diet — the taming of the chew 節(jié)食——馴服咀嚼。
coordinate（使協(xié)調(diào)；同等的；坐標(biāo)的；坐標(biāo)）即co+ordin+ate，co-前綴=together，ordin詞根意為“in order”，-ate后綴，于是“按次序擺在一起”→使協(xié)調(diào)；“按次序擺在一起的”→同等的。coordination（協(xié)調(diào)；同等）←co+ordin+ation名詞后綴；coordinator（協(xié)調(diào)者；同等的人或物）←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。
fierce（激烈的；兇猛的）The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最強(qiáng)烈的痛苦持續(xù)時(shí)間最短。
shipper 托運(yùn)者，貨主。
consolidation（鞏固，加強(qiáng)）←con(=together)+solid堅(jiān)固+ation名詞后綴，動(dòng)詞為consolidate←con+solid+ate。
captive（a.被俘虜?shù)膎.俘虜）←capt抓+ive后綴。Youre not free until youve been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘獲之前，你不是自由的。
discrimination（辨別；歧視）即dis分離+crimin+ation名詞后綴，crimin可看作criminal（罪犯）→要把罪犯“辨別”開來，但不可“歧視”；動(dòng)詞為discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 區(qū)分，辨別；discriminate against 歧視，不一樣對待。
switching（n.開關(guān)；轉(zhuǎn)換）←switch+ing，switch（v.n.開關(guān)；轉(zhuǎn)換），-ing后綴。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you dont like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.當(dāng)你喜歡的人改變一年前或四年前的說法時(shí)，他是個(gè)有足夠勇氣隨時(shí)修正意見的坦蕩的人；當(dāng)你不喜歡的人這么做，他就是個(gè)食言的騙子。
subscribe（v.訂購；捐助；簽署；贊成）即sub在下面+scribe寫→“在下面寫上自己的名字”，名詞為subscription；同根詞describe（v.描述）即de向下+scribe寫→“寫下來”，名詞為description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想讀到同一內(nèi)容的人，但要在新印的報(bào)紙上。
flourish（v.繁榮）即flour+ish動(dòng)詞后綴，flour為詞根=flower，也可看作單詞“面粉”→“使像面粉一樣撒得到處都是”→繁榮。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各門科學(xué)性喜交際，因而在相鄰地帶最為繁榮。
arbiter（仲裁者，權(quán)威人士）可參arbitrary（任意的，專斷的）記憶，動(dòng)詞為arbitrate（仲裁）。
fortune（運(yùn)氣；財(cái)富）可看作for+tune，爭取“運(yùn)氣”與“財(cái)富”是為了(for)生活的和諧(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每個(gè)人都是制造其自身命運(yùn)的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.誠實(shí)與積聚大量財(cái)產(chǎn)是不相容的。
invest（v.投資）←in+vest，in在里面，vest看作單詞“馬甲”，“投資大量金錢生產(chǎn)馬甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投資并變得更加富有，要比窮人能夠開始投資容易得多。
attitude（態(tài)度；看法；姿勢）與latitude（緯度）一起記：因?yàn)椤皯B(tài)度”的“態(tài)”拼音聲母為t，故attitude雙寫t；因?yàn)椤熬暥取笔菢?biāo)示在一根根與赤道平行的拉(la)長的緯線上的，故latitude以la開頭。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一種生活方法，一種對所有的人同樣尊重的態(tài)度。
apprehensive（有理解力的；憂慮的）←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容詞后綴，名詞為apprehension（理解；憂慮）←ap+prehen+sion；同根詞：comprehensive（能理解的；廣泛的）、comprehension（理解；包含）。
試題解析：
　　這是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章。在文章中，作者對鐵路行業(yè)中并購的狀況和趨勢進(jìn)行了觀察，闡述了并購支持者和鐵路托運(yùn)商對鐵路行業(yè)壟斷的不同看法，以及他們對并購可能帶來的影響的看法。考生對這類題材也許不太熟悉。但是，經(jīng)濟(jì)是社會(huì)生活的一個(gè)重要組成部分，是考生在生活中不可避免的話題。而且，這篇文章的專業(yè)性并不強(qiáng)，題目也都是從語言理解能力方面考查，所以這篇文章是符合大綱要求的?！　∵@篇文章的語言不難，存在一些生詞，但是生詞的數(shù)量并沒有超出大綱允許的范圍。實(shí)際上，在真實(shí)的語言環(huán)境中，我們在閱讀中總會(huì)碰到生詞，即使是英語國家的人們也是如此。考生應(yīng)該掌握這樣的閱讀能力，即在不認(rèn)識一些詞語的情況下，通過上下文來推斷和猜測詞義以讀懂文章。這種能力是實(shí)際語言環(huán)境要求我們掌握的。　　這篇文章的幾個(gè)文字難點(diǎn)是：“merge”，“captive shipper”等?！癿erge”一詞雖未列入大綱詞匯表，對考生來說是個(gè)生詞，但是考生可以通過上下文理解它的含義。文章的第一句是：“In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems...”，從“combining with each other”我們可以猜出“merging”的意思是“合并”?！皊hipper”一詞是動(dòng)詞“ship”（意思是“to send [esp. a large article] to a distant place by post or other means”，“運(yùn)送”）加上后綴“er”構(gòu)成的，表示“托運(yùn)貨物的人”或稱“貨主”，在文中指的是依靠鐵路運(yùn)輸貨物的商家，鐵路公司的客戶?！癱aptive”的原義為“被俘虜?shù)摹?，引申義為“受限制的”。這兩個(gè)詞在大綱上都已列出，考生應(yīng)能通過構(gòu)詞法的知識猜測、引申出它們的含義?！　∵@篇文章5個(gè)小題除第52小題較難外，其他小題都屬中等難度的題目。
51. [C]　　該小題考查的是考生對具體信息的理解能力?！　☆}目問的是并購支持者為什么認(rèn)為鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)不會(huì)形成壟斷。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，后半段說的是貨主們的觀點(diǎn)。支持者認(rèn)為：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因?yàn)橐涂ㄜ嚕ㄖ腹愤\(yùn)輸）競爭，所以不存在壟斷的可能。所以C選項(xiàng)最符合文章的意思。　　A項(xiàng)不對，文章說支持者認(rèn)為合并能降低成本，與競爭沒有關(guān)系?！　項(xiàng)沒有根據(jù)?！　項(xiàng)把主語和賓語弄反了，而且也不是支持者的觀點(diǎn)，所以也是錯(cuò)誤的。　　該小題屬中等難度，區(qū)分度很好。
52. [D]　　上題問的是支持者的觀點(diǎn)，本題問的是貨主的態(tài)度，要求考生根據(jù)文中所提供的線索做判斷。　　通過文章中幾處對托運(yùn)商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that...”（第2段），“Many captive shipper also worry...”（第5段），“Many captive shippers fear that...”（第5段），我們可以判斷出貨主的態(tài)度是憂慮的，對未來的狀況憂心忡忡。所以D選項(xiàng)是正確的?！　≥^多的考生選擇的是C。C項(xiàng)的含義是“憤怒的”。這篇文章是論說性的文章，反映的是各方對鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)合并的趨勢和前景的看法。文中的許多描述用的是將來時(shí)，因?yàn)槭菍ξ磥淼耐茰y。文中并沒有線索說明貨主們有強(qiáng)烈的敵對情緒，C項(xiàng)言過其實(shí)了。　　該題的難度值較低。
53. [C]　　該小題考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。　　A項(xiàng)正好與原文意思相反。從第三段第二句中，我們得知鐵路公司合并后，鐵路公司向貨主們收取的費(fèi)用是以前的20％至30％，所以，應(yīng)該是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”?！　項(xiàng)缺乏依據(jù)，所以也是不對的。　　C項(xiàng)是正確的，因?yàn)槲恼吕镎f到：貨主們?nèi)粽J(rèn)為鐵路公司收費(fèi)不合理，可以向聯(lián)邦政府的機(jī)構(gòu)申請降低收費(fèi)。但是，因?yàn)樯暝V的過程耗時(shí)費(fèi)錢，所以極少人提出申訴。由此，我們可以推斷出受到剝削的貨主們不大可能提出申訴?！　項(xiàng)說的是政府能保證鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)的公平競爭。這種說法缺乏依據(jù)。事實(shí)上，由于貨主們申訴的困難大，大多數(shù)情況下政府部門根本管不著。　　該小題屬中等難度偏易的題目。
54. 　　該小題考查的是考生猜測生詞詞義的能力?！　　癮rbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”?？忌梢酝ㄟ^上下文猜測到這個(gè)含義。這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)在第四段的最后一句，其實(shí)它要表述的內(nèi)容已在前一句體現(xiàn)了：“Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此，我們可以猜測出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B?！　】忌鷳?yīng)知道，語言交流中，重復(fù)是一種常用的修辭手段，以強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)信息或觀點(diǎn)。文章中也常會(huì)利用重復(fù)手法。所以，考生猜測詞義時(shí)不應(yīng)只限于一個(gè)句子，而應(yīng)從上下文尋找線索?！　項(xiàng)雖有“determine”一詞，但是意思不對。文中說的意思是，因?yàn)殍F路對不同的顧客收取的費(fèi)用不同，這種不公平使鐵路公司無形中決定了托運(yùn)商的命運(yùn)（一些托運(yùn)商的花費(fèi)就會(huì)比其他托運(yùn)商的高出很多，從而影響了他們的效益），所以鐵路公司就好比是商場中的裁判，能決定誰贏誰輸。D項(xiàng)的含義不準(zhǔn)確。　　該題屬中等難度的題目，區(qū)分度較好。
55. [A]　　該小題問的是鐵路成本提高的主要原因，考查的是考生對文中因果關(guān)系的把握?！　∽詈笠欢我跃唧w事例說明，鐵路公司并購需要借很多的資金，是鐵路公司目前的收入遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能填補(bǔ)的。所以，鐵路的經(jīng)營成本提高。A是正確的?！　≈劣贐項(xiàng)，文中提到鐵路公司還沒有足夠的錢去增加投資，以滿足快速發(fā)展的交通的需要，但是，這并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重點(diǎn)并不在此?！　、D項(xiàng)都毫無依據(jù)，都是錯(cuò)誤的?！　≡撔☆}屬中等難度的題目。
全文翻譯：
　　近年來，鐵路公司相互聯(lián)合，組成了超大型集團(tuán)，引起人們對壟斷行為的極大關(guān)注。近至1995年，四家大型鐵路公司占有整個(gè)鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)的約70％。到明年，一系列兼并活動(dòng)完成之后，四家鐵路公司將控制90％以上的鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)?！　≈С纸M建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為，兼并將帶來成本的大幅降低，服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的更好協(xié)調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為，在公路運(yùn)輸?shù)募ち腋偁幟媲?，壟斷的威脅已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對于依賴長途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪碚f，如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食，由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大，這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)“掐他們的脖子”?！　¤F路運(yùn)輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模聯(lián)合意味著多數(shù)客戶將會(huì)依賴一家公司的服務(wù)。通常，鐵路公司對這些“被控”客戶的收費(fèi)要比有另一鐵路公司競爭業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)多20％～30％。如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi)，他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的“陸路運(yùn)輸局”以爭取價(jià)格下調(diào)。但這個(gè)過程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí)，并且只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用?！　¤F路公司對“被控”客戶進(jìn)行區(qū)別對待的依據(jù)是，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這樣做會(huì)降低所有人的成本。他們認(rèn)為，如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話，那么，可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移，使剩下的客戶來承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開銷。這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但在實(shí)際操作中，它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰敗誰榮的權(quán)利。“我們是否真的想讓鐵路公司成為在市場上決定誰敗誰榮的裁決者呢？”馬丁·貝科維奇問道。他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師?！　≡S多“被控”客戶還擔(dān)心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價(jià)。從整體來說，雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn)，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來進(jìn)行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做。請想一想今年南諾弗克公司和CSX公司為兼并康雷爾公司所花的102億美元吧。康雷爾公司1996年鐵路運(yùn)營純收入為4.27億美元，這還不足這宗交易運(yùn)作成本的一半。誰來支付其余的費(fèi)用？許多“被控”客戶擔(dān)心他們會(huì)，因?yàn)槟现Z弗克和CSX公司將增加對市場的控制。

2003 Text 4

　　It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
　　In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.
56. What is implied in the first sentence 　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. 　　 Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. 　　[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. 　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.　　[A] medical resources are often wasted 　　 doctors are helpless against fatal diseases 　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive 　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
58. The authors attitude to ward Richard Lamms remark is one of ________.　　[A] strong disapproval 　　 reserved consent 　　[C] slight contempt 　　[D] enthusiastic support
59. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.　　[A] more flexibly 　　 more extravagantly 　　[C] more cautiously 　　[D] more reasonably
60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.　　[A] medicine will further prolong peoples lives　　 life beyond a certain limit is not worth living 　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life 　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
inevitable（不可避免的；必然的）←in+evitable，in-否定前綴，evitable=avoidable可避免的。Change is inevitable. In a progressive country change is constant.變革不可避免，在進(jìn)步的國家里變革是永恒的。the inevitable of history 歷史必由之路。
life expectancy 預(yù)期壽命
depression（消沉；蕭條）←de向下+press壓+ion名詞后綴，動(dòng)詞為depress（壓抑；使沮喪）。Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cures for depression.高尚的行為和熱水澡是治療抑郁的最佳方法。Its recession when your neighbor loses his job; its a depression when you lose yours.鄰居失業(yè)的時(shí)候就是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，自己失業(yè)的時(shí)候就是經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。
cataract（大瀑布；白內(nèi)障）可看作cat+ar+act，cat貓，ar啊~~，act動(dòng)作，“貓啊一聲從‘大瀑布’里跳出來摔成了‘白內(nèi)障’”，白內(nèi)障的主要癥狀就是自覺眼睛前面有條瀑布而視物不清。
surgical（外科的；外科醫(yī)生的；手術(shù)的；手術(shù)；外科病房）←surg+ical；surgery（外科；外科學(xué)；手術(shù)；手術(shù)室）←surg+ery；surgeon（外科醫(yī)生；軍醫(yī)）←surg+eon。
genetically（由遺傳決定地）←gene基因+tical形容詞后綴+ly副詞后綴。
disintegrate（使分裂；使解體）←dis使分離+integrate，integrate（使成為一體）←integr完整+ate動(dòng)詞后綴；integer（整數(shù)；完整的東西）；integrity（完整；誠實(shí)；正直）。
perish（喪生；凋謝；消亡）←per(=away)+ish動(dòng)詞后綴。The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.人生的巨大悲劇不是人們死亡，而是他們不再去愛。
obvious（顯而易見的）可把b看作6，再把vi看作羅馬數(shù)字6，兩邊的兩個(gè)o看作兩只眼睛，-ous為形容詞后綴，因?yàn)?=6，所以b=vi，這是“顯而易見的”。No question is so difficult to answer as that to which the answer is obvious.最難回答的問題是答案明顯的問題。
aggressive（侵略的；好斗的；有進(jìn)取心的）←ag(=to)+gress走+ive形容詞后綴。War is an aggressive action of man to man independent of his own will.戰(zhàn)爭是人對人的侵略行為，不為其自身意志左右。
unsustainable（不能持續(xù)的）即un+sustain+able，un-前綴表否定，sustain（支撐；保持）←sus(=sub)在下面+tain(=hold)。同根詞：contain（包含）←con一起+tain；retain（保留）←re再+tain。sustainable development 可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
reverse（顛倒的；使倒轉(zhuǎn)；背面）←re(=back)+verse(=turn)。The historian is a prophet in reverse.史學(xué)家是顛倒的預(yù)言家。
infirm（虛弱的；不堅(jiān)固的）←in否定前綴+firm堅(jiān)固的。
potential（潛在的；潛力）可看作pot+ent+ial，pot即“罐子”，-ent與-ial是后綴，“暫時(shí)藏在罐子里面的東東”→潛在的、潛力。Most of us havent begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我們大多數(shù)人尚未著手開發(fā)自身獲得幸福的潛力。
routinely（例行公事地）←routine+ly，routine可看作由route與in組成→“按路線走的”→常規(guī)的；慣例。Mans usual routine is to work and to dream.人的日常行為就是工作與夢想。
humble（卑賤的；謙卑的v.貶抑）A humble man argues for his fault, while a brave man makes his faults known to all.卑微的人為自己的過失辯解，勇敢的人則把自己的過失公之于眾。
pursuit（追求；職業(yè)）←pursu(e)+it名詞后綴；動(dòng)詞為pursue（追求；從事）。Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.愛情在追求的時(shí)候最熱烈，友情是在擁有的時(shí)候。
therapy（治療；理療）可看作the+rap輕敲+y名詞后綴←“一種輕輕叩擊的方法”。
fatal（致命的，毀滅性的）←fat(e)命運(yùn)+al。It is most important in this world to be pushing, but it is fatal to seem so.世間最重要的是有進(jìn)取心，但徒有其表是致命的。
extravagantly（奢侈地）←extra(=ex)加強(qiáng)語氣+vag大+ant形容詞后綴+ly；extravagant（奢侈的）←extra+vag+ant；extravagance（奢侈）←extra+vag+ance。Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)是一切花費(fèi)中最奢侈、最昂貴的一種。extravagance — anything you buy that is of no earthly use to your wife 奢侈——你所買的對妻子毫無用處的任何東西。
試題解析：
　　這是一篇議論文。在文章中，作者談到了隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人們的壽命得