A: Waveplots and spectrograms of the sound of a click (highlighted with black arrows) and its echo (highlighted with green arrows) recorded in the left (L) and right (R) ears of EB and LB (sampling rate 44.1 kHz) (Sound S1 and Sound S2). Both EB and LB made the clicks in the presence of a position marker (shown in 1B) located straight ahead. Spectrograms were obtained using an FFT window of 256 samples, corresponding to approximately 5.6 ms in our recordings. Waveform plots and spectrograms are for illustration. While the exact properties of the click and its echo (e.g. loudness, timbre) are specific to the person generating the click as well as the sound reflecting surface, prominent characteristics of clicks are short duration (approximately 10 ms) and broad frequency spectra, both of which are evident in the plots. B: Position marker used for angular position discrimination experiments during active echolocation, and to make recordings for the passive listening paradigm. The marker was an aluminium foil covered foam half-tube (diameter 6 cm, height 180 cm), placed vertically, at a distance of 150 cm, with the concave side facing the subject. Note the 125-Hz cutoff wedge system on the walls of the anechoic chamber. C: Results of angular position discrimination experiments (for examples of sound stimuli used during passive listening listen to Sounds S5 and S6). Plotted on the ordinate is the probability that the participant judges the position marker to be located to the right of its straight ahead reference position. Plotted on the abscissa is the position of the test position with respect to the straight ahead in degrees. Negative numbers indicate a position shift in the counter clockwise direction. Psychometric functions were obtained by fitting a 3-parameter sigmoid to the data. 25% and 75% thresholds and bias (denoted in red) were estimated from fitted curves. The zero-bias line (dashed line) is drawn for comparison. D: Stimuli were recorded with microphones placed in the echolocator's ears, directly in front of the ear canal. E: During passive listening, stimuli were delivered using fMRI compatible in-ear headphones, which imposed a 10 kHz cutoff (marked with a dashed line in spectrograms in A). F–G: Behavioral results from the various passive-listening classification tasks (for examples of sound stimuli used during the various classification tasks listen to Sound S7, Sound S8, Sound S9, Sound S10, Sound S11, Sound S12, Sound S13). Shown is percentage correct. Asterisks indicate that performance is significantly different from chance (p<.05). Unless otherwise indicated, chance performance is 50%. Sample sizes (reported in Table S1 and Table S2) fulfil minimum requirement for confidence intervals for a proportion based on the normal approximation [48]. 1 = less than chance, because of bias to classify as ‘tree’.

Waveplots和主成分的聲音點(diǎn)擊(高亮顯示一個黑色的箭頭)和它呼應(yīng)綠色箭頭)(高亮顯示記錄在左邊(左)和右(R)電子商務(wù)的耳朵和磅(采樣率44.1千赫)(S1和S2)聲音的聲音。海爾哥哥和兩磅的點(diǎn)擊中出現(xiàn)的位置標(biāo)記(圖中)位于1 B的正前方。獲得一個FFT等使用的窗口,對應(yīng)256個樣本大約5.6女士在我們的錄音。波形的情節(jié)和主成分是說明。雖然確切的性質(zhì)和它呼應(yīng)的點(diǎn)擊(如響度、音質(zhì))特別的人產(chǎn)生的點(diǎn)擊以及聲反射的表面,突出的特點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)擊短時間(大約10 ms)廣泛的頻率譜,這兩種疾病都是明顯的陰謀。乙:位置標(biāo)記用于角位置歧視時活動的回聲定位的實(shí)驗(yàn),為僅僅被動地聽錄音的范例。標(biāo)志是一個鋁箔泡沫h(huán)alf-tube覆蓋(直徑6厘米,身高180公分),放置垂直移動,在距離150厘米,有凹的面主題。注:125 -Hz系統(tǒng)截止楔形墻上的消聲室。丙:角位置的結(jié)果(例如歧視實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的聲音刺激僅僅被動地聽,聽聲音S5中)。在縱坐標(biāo)線繪制世界繪制的概率是參與者法官位置標(biāo)記是位于權(quán)其向前參考位置。在abscissa策劃的位置是測試位置就直走在度。引入負(fù)數(shù)表示位置的偏移在柜臺順時針方向。心理功能得到擬合非3-parameter到數(shù)據(jù)。25%和75%的閾值和偏見(表示在紅色)估計(jì)了擬合曲線從。這zero-bias線(虛線)被比較。醫(yī)生:刺激記錄在麥克風(fēng)放置在echolocator的耳朵,直接在前面的耳道。艾凡:在被動聽、刺激交付使用兼容式耳機(jī),功能性核磁共振造影技術(shù)對10 kHz切斷(標(biāo)上虛線在主成分在一個)。結(jié)果:為vs2行為的各種passive-listening分類任務(wù)(例如使用聲音刺激在各種分類任務(wù)聽聲音,聲音,聲音S7學(xué)生9月8日,聲音S10、聲音S11、聲音S12,聲音向)。證明是正確的。百分比星號顯示性能顯著不同的機(jī)會(p < . 05)。除非另有說明,有機(jī)會表現(xiàn)為50%。樣品大小(表S1和桌子報(bào)道S2)滿足最低要求一定比例的置信區(qū)間的基礎(chǔ)上[48]近似服從正態(tài)。1 =不到機(jī)會,因?yàn)橛衅姷姆诸悩洹薄?br /> …………
Conclusion2
The current study is the first to investigate which brain areas potentially underlie natural echolocation in early- and late-blind people (EB and LB). In EB, we found robust echolocation-specific activity in calcarine cortex – but not in auditory cortex. A similar pattern was observed in LB, but the activity in the calcarine cortex was not as extensive. We also found that the calcarine activity was greater for echoes reflected from surfaces located in contralateral space in EB but not LB. Our findings also shed new light on how the cerebellum might be involved in sensory processin..