外文出處： Donald Harris and Denis
Tallin.Contract Law TOday. 1995
附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文
1.Briefly on contracts
The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it.
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties.
Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business organizations, and governmental entities.
It is largely state rather than federal law, but it differs usually only in detail from one state to anther. While it is still primarily case law, an increasing number of statutes deal with particular problems. The Uniform Commercial Code, for example, contains some special provisions on the formation ……
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譯文:
1．契約簡(jiǎn)論
契約法所關(guān)心的是實(shí)現(xiàn)所約定的義務(wù)。通常，契約責(zé)任是以自由同意為基礎(chǔ)的。這種同意表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)事人明示的允諾或事實(shí)上由當(dāng)事人通過(guò)行為而默示允諾。但在某些情況下盡管受約束的一方并未同意，法院仍會(huì)推定允諾之存在（往往稱(chēng)為由法律推定的契約即準(zhǔn)契約），以免有人不當(dāng)?shù)美?br /> 契約法的內(nèi)容，包括能力、形式、要約與承諾、約因、欺詐與錯(cuò)誤、合法與否、解釋與推定、履行及其條件、契約目的無(wú)法達(dá)到和契約無(wú)法履行、免責(zé)、受讓人及受益的第三人之權(quán)利和補(bǔ)救方法。契約在很大范圍內(nèi)保持著統(tǒng)一性而按照協(xié)議之內(nèi)容或當(dāng)事人之性質(zhì)排斥了不同種類(lèi)契約之間的基本區(qū)別。因此，除若干例外情況外，契約法原則適用于諸如個(gè)人、企業(yè)和政府實(shí)體等不同的當(dāng)事人。
契約法大多是州法不是聯(lián)邦法，但各州之間的契約法只有細(xì)節(jié)之別。契約法主要雖仍為案例法，但處理具體問(wèn)題的制定法日益增多了。例如，美國(guó)《統(tǒng)一商法典》就對(duì)商品銷(xiāo)售合同之形成設(shè)有若干具體規(guī)定，而根據(jù)作為在這方面最重要的聯(lián)邦法之一的1887年塔克法（已經(jīng)修正的），美國(guó)政府已因同意在各聯(lián)邦法院應(yīng)訴而在契約訴訟中放棄了主權(quán)豁免。某些由制定法（以及案例法）規(guī)定的規(guī)則是強(qiáng)制的，當(dāng)事人不得避免；而另一些規(guī)則則是含蓄的、解釋性的、補(bǔ)充性的，因而可以由協(xié)議改變之。
不妨把契約簡(jiǎn)單地規(guī)定為一種允諾。允諾一旦遭到違反，法律就予以補(bǔ)救；雖然，“契約”一詞亦可用來(lái)指當(dāng)事人借以表示其協(xié)議的一系列行為、指雙方當(dāng)事人所制作的文契或指其所形成的法規(guī)關(guān)系。并非一切允諾都是可以執(zhí)行的，在法律予以補(bǔ)救之前，允諾必須發(fā)和幾項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中最重要的兩項(xiàng)，是必須有書(shū)面形式和必須有約因。書(shū)面要件，是由英國(guó)1677年《欺詐防止法》所派生、頒布于美國(guó)全國(guó)的欺詐防止法所規(guī)定的。欺詐防止法一般都規(guī)定：特定種類(lèi)的契約如無(wú)書(shū)面證明不得執(zhí)行；但也有例外。通常，這些特定契約包括超過(guò)最低價(jià)值的商品銷(xiāo)售契約、土地買(mǎi)賣(mài)契約、承擔(dān)他人債務(wù)的契約和一年后履行的契約。許多協(xié)議（如大多數(shù)提供服……
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