人機(jī)交互(外文翻譯)

包含中文翻譯和英文原文，內(nèi)容詳細(xì)完整，建議下載參考！

中文：1165 字
英文：3500 字符


1、簡(jiǎn)介
對(duì)于許多用戶(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)，信息系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上就是他們所使用的終端站，也就是他們所見(jiàn)到的中央電腦。但是，這些用戶(hù)往往只是被設(shè)計(jì)師視為“終端用戶(hù)”這樣一個(gè)名稱(chēng)隱約表達(dá)出了造成這些糟糕的面向用戶(hù)設(shè)計(jì)與極低的可用性的那種態(tài)度. 設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)該將用戶(hù)視為電腦系統(tǒng)的中心而不是僅僅把他們當(dāng)作外設(shè)。這樣一個(gè)被生物工學(xué)學(xué)者與人因工程專(zhuān)家們反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的簡(jiǎn)單概念，實(shí)際上卻是說(shuō)起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難。尼科爾斯曾強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)(1979)：
盡管計(jì)算機(jī)科技已經(jīng)發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，陳舊的觀念卻仍殘存在我們的思維中。往日， 當(dāng)中央處理器仍然是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心，設(shè)計(jì)者們很自然地談這些“終端”與“外設(shè)”我懷疑人們是從這個(gè)時(shí)期開(kāi)始使用“終端用戶(hù)”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的。這種無(wú)意識(shí)的象征既是癥結(jié)也是原因； 這些“終端”用戶(hù)往往也是在“終端”系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)最后一個(gè)被考慮到的。發(fā)展一套計(jì)算新的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)觀點(diǎn)是十分重要的，要用一種新的眼光看待這些用戶(hù)…帶著這樣的設(shè)計(jì)觀點(diǎn), 系統(tǒng)的核心應(yīng)該是用戶(hù)。
因此，如果我們要改善的互動(dòng)式電腦系統(tǒng)的可用性，設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)思路必須徹底轉(zhuǎn)變。
2、可用性背景—可行性方程
當(dāng)用戶(hù)和采購(gòu)商對(duì)系統(tǒng)做購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定時(shí)，他們的決定不止依靠可靠性，還會(huì)將其他因素考慮進(jìn)去：他們可能考慮系統(tǒng)多么有用，無(wú)論他們是否覺(jué)得合適他們都會(huì)要用；還會(huì)考慮這需要花多少錢(qián)，是否經(jīng)濟(jì)；還要考慮給個(gè)人、社會(huì)和組織帶來(lái)的影響。在這些因素沒(méi)有一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)公式可以精確定義的情況下，我建議可以把這些因素用一種折中的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)，就像圖1中所表示的。這個(gè)例子表明，我是否接受一件事物，取決于足夠有用，可用并且我覺(jué)得物有所值。如果我不接受這就表明它的有用可用以及價(jià)值都不能滿(mǎn)足我的自身以及財(cái)政支出。
因此這個(gè)例子有助于平衡可用性和功能性的關(guān)系，從而電腦變得更加便宜和強(qiáng)大，幾乎可以肯定的就是可用性因素將在采購(gòu)商和用戶(hù)作出決定時(shí)越來(lái)越起到支配作用 ......




1. Introduction
For many users the informatics system is essentially the terminalor workstation which they are using,and that is the centralcomputer as they see it. But only too often these users are seen as ‘‘end-users” by designers – and this name may well betray an attitude which causes some of the bad design for users and failures in usability. Designers must see the user as the centre of the computer system instead of as a mere peripheral. This simple concept, easy to state but harder to achieve, is often expounded by ergonomists and human factors specialists. It has been emphasised by Nicholls (1979):
In spite of changes in the nature of computing, remnants of old thinking remain with us. In former days,when the CPU was at the heart of a system, designers naturally talked of ‘‘terminals”and ‘‘peripherals”. I suspect it was in this period that people began to use the term ‘‘end user”. The unconscious symbolism is both a symptom and a cause; the ‘‘end” user at the ‘‘terminal” was often the last person to be considered in the design of the system. It is important to develop a new view of computing systems,and to look at the user in a different light . . . taking this view of computing, the centre of a system is the user.So, if we are to improve the usability of interactive computer systems, then the former orientation of designers must be completely reversed.
2.Usability context – the acceptability equation
When users and purchasers make decisions about systems,their decision depends not only upon usability but upon an assessment balancing various factors; they probably consider also how useful the system will be, whether they feel it is suitable and they would like to use it, and how much it will cost, both financially and in terms of the personal, social and organisational consequences. Without being able as yet to define a mathematically precise relationship between these ......