對(duì)外貿(mào)易相關(guān)外文翻譯

中文：3532字
英文：11412字

對(duì)外貿(mào)易的章程是國(guó)家政府面對(duì)的其中一個(gè)最重要的政策問(wèn)題。貿(mào)易政策除影響國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)福利之外，它還高度具有本質(zhì)上的分配性和因而經(jīng)常存在爭(zhēng)議。從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，由于多邊貿(mào)易體制的出現(xiàn)和最惠國(guó)待遇在全球的使用，國(guó)與國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易關(guān)系更趨向于自由貿(mào)易主義，而且這也成為了全球的一種趨勢(shì)。然而，各國(guó)政府由于受到國(guó)際以及國(guó)內(nèi)的壓力，他們同時(shí)肯定了貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義對(duì)一國(guó)貿(mào)易所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)有力的力量，無(wú)論貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義是以關(guān)稅的形式，反傾銷(xiāo)，保障措施或是其他的非關(guān)稅措施。
在貿(mào)易政策選擇方面，一國(guó)通常選擇其中一種方法或?qū)⑸a(chǎn)補(bǔ)助、進(jìn)口關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口限額或者其他物理限制等方法混合使用來(lái)保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的行業(yè)。還有另外一種方法是對(duì)外國(guó)出口商實(shí)施進(jìn)口配額的累計(jì)，被稱(chēng)作“自愿出口限制”（VERs），因?yàn)橥鈬?guó)的出口商希望通過(guò)自愿的出口限制來(lái)避免其他形式的貿(mào)易保護(hù)。在20世紀(jì)30年代初，美國(guó)、歐盟和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家廣泛的使用這種方法來(lái)保護(hù)本國(guó)的紡織品工業(yè)。在多纖協(xié)議（MFA）下，VER機(jī)制經(jīng)常在談判后的出口限制偽裝下被慣例化。多纖協(xié)議在二十世紀(jì)的后半葉的紡織領(lǐng)域具有統(tǒng)治性的地位，直到1995年被紡織和服裝協(xié)議（ATC）所替代。

Regulation of foreign trade is one of the most important policy issues faced by national governments. In addition to affecting national economic welfare, trade policy is highly distributive in nature, and thus often controversial. Since World War II, the global trend across countries has been towards greater liberalization, due largely to the multilateral trade regime and a broad application of the most favored nation (MFN) principle. Nevertheless, pressures originating from both the international and domestic arenas have ensured that protectionism, whether in the form of tariff, antidumping and safeguard mechanism or other non-tariff mechanisms, remains a powerful force．
In the trade policy horizon nations generally choose one or a mix of production subsidies, import tariffs and import quotas or physical restrictions as ways to protect domestic import-competing industries. Yet another option is import quota-rights accruing to the foreign exporters called ‘Voluntary Export Restraints’ (VERs), because foreign exporters voluntarily restrict exports to avoid other forms of protection. The US, the EU and other developed countries extensively used this instrument for protecting their textile industry in the early 1930s. The VER mechanism was subsequently institutionalized under the guise of negotiated export restraints as in the Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA), which dominated international trade in the textile sector for the entire last quarter of the twentieth century till it was replaced by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) in 1995．